Rev 3:1 in context
The whole interlinear chapter
Rev 2:29      Rev 3:2

Revelation 3:1

[Meaning: red stone, the city got its name from the fiery red stone carnelian, Gk. sardios, which is mined in the area. Carnelian was the first stone in the breastplate of the high priest, see Rev 4:3.
Today: In ruins, next to the small village of Sart, 60 km south of Thyatira.
Sardis was the ancient capital of the province of Lydia in Asia Minor. It was located on a plain through which flowed the river Pactolus, which had large gold deposits. It was a hub between several trade routes and a rich city famous for its gold. The world's first gold and silver coins were minted in the Lydian Empire in the 6th century BC. The last king of the Lydian Empire was Croesus, who reigned from 560 to 547 BC. He was immensely rich and arrogant, giving rise to the saying "rich as Croesus." The city was located on a 450-meter-high mountain plateau with three steep sides and was considered impregnable, which meant that these sides were not guarded very closely. Both Cyrus and Epiphanes surprised the city with soldiers who climbed a steep path among the cliffs and captured their fortifications during the night. The expressions "awake" in verse 2 and "like a thief in the night" in verse 3 resonated with the Sardinians. The city was also known for its dye works and wool weaving. It prided itself on being the first in the world to dye wool. Their black woolen fabrics were a sought-after commodity throughout the Roman Empire. Write the following to the messenger of the church in Sardis: Messenger is Gk. for aggelos. It can refer to an angel, but more likely it refers to the leadership of the church who are to read the letter and convey the message to the church.]
"Thus says he who has the seven spirits of God [the Holy Spirit who is fully revealed, see Rev 1:4]
and the seven stars [the messengers of the seven churches, see Rev 1:16, 20]:
[none]
I [Jesus] see (know with certainty) your deeds; you have a reputation of being alive, but you are dead.
[Jesus' words about them being alive but dead were apt. The people of Sardis were widely known for their licentiousness and love of luxury and pleasure. Herodotus wrote in the 400s BC about the inhabitants of the city: "The light-footed Lydians only want to play the zither and harp and engage in retail trade."]
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Nestle-Aland (NA)

Καὶ   τῷ   ἀγγέλῳ   τῆς   ἐν   Σάρδεσιν   ἐκκλησίας   γράψον·   τάδε   λέγει   ὁ   ἔχων   τὰ   ἑπτὰ   πνεύματα   τοῦ   θεοῦ   καὶ   τοὺς   ἑπτὰ   ἀστέρας·   οἶδά   σου   τὰ   ἔργα   ὅτι   ὄνομα   ἔχεις   ὅτι   ζῇς   καὶ   νεκρὸς   εἶ.  

Textus Receptus (TR)

Καὶ   τῷ   ἀγγέλῳ   τῆς   ἐν   Σάρδεσιν   ἐκκλησίας   γράψον·   τάδε   λέγει   ὁ   ἔχων   τὰ   ἑπτὰ   πνεύματα   τοῦ   θεοῦ   καὶ   τοὺς   ἑπτὰ   ἀστέρας·   οἶδά   σου   τὰ   ἔργα   ὅτι   τὸ   ὄνομα   ἔχεις   ὅτι   ζῇς   καὶ   νεκρὸς   εἶ.  

Manuscript comments

Both NA and TR have 33 words, however there are differences between the texts.


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Interlinear — table

Below is an interlinear version in table form that follows the word order of the original text. Clicking on the Strongs number will show the words in their basic form (note that sometimes the grammar causes not only the endings to change, but also the initial letters of the word).


Strongs nr Greek English Grammar Code
G2532
 Καὶ (Kai)
 And
Conj. Conjunktion
 CONJ
G3588
 τῷ (to)
 to the
Definite article Definite article
dative sing. ♂ dative singular masculine
T-DSM
G0032
 ἀγγέλῳ (ngelo)
 messenger
Noun Noun
dative sing. ♂ dative singular masculine
N-DSM
G3588
 τῆς (tes)
 of the
Definite article Definite article
gen. sing. ♀ genitive singular feminine
T-GSF
G1722
 ἐν (en)
 in
Preposition Preposition
 PREP
G4554
 Σάρδεσιν (Sardesin)
 Sardis
Noun Noun
dative pl. ♀ dative plural feminine
Location (location)
 N-DPF-L
G1577
 ἐκκλησίας (ekklesias)
 church
Noun Noun
gen. sing. ♀ genitive singular feminine
N-GSF
G1125
 γράψον· (grapson.)
 do write:
VERB Verb
aorist active imp. aorist active imperative
sing. second person singular
V-AAM-2S
G3592
 τάδε (tade)
 These things
Demonstrative pron. Demonstrative pronoun
acc. pl. neut. accusative plural Neutral
D-APN
G3004
 λέγει (legei)
 says
VERB Verb
pres. active ind. present active indicative
sing. third person singular
V-PAI-3S
G3588
 ὁ (o)
 the [One]
Definite article Definite article
nom. sing. ♂ Nominative singular masculine
T-NSM
G2192
 ἔχων (echon)
 having
VERB Verb
pres. active part. present active Participle
nom. sing. ♂ Nominative singular masculine
V-PAP-NSM
G3588
 τὰ (ta)
 the
Definite article Definite article
acc. pl. neut. accusative plural Neutral
T-APN
G2033
 ἑπτὰ (epta)
 seven
Adjective Adjective
acc. pl. neut. accusative plural Neutral
Numerical Numerical
 A-APN-NUI
G4151
 πνεύματα (pneymata)
 Spirits
Noun Noun
acc. pl. neut. accusative plural Neutral
N-APN
G3588
 τοῦ (toy)
Definite article Definite article
gen. sing. ♂ genitive singular masculine
T-GSM
G2316
 θεοῦ (theoy)
 of God,
Noun Noun
gen. sing. ♂ genitive singular masculine
N-GSM
G2532
 καὶ (kai)
 and
Conj. Conjunktion
 CONJ
G3588
 τοὺς (toys)
 the
Definite article Definite article
acc. pl. ♂ accusative plural masculine
T-APM
G2033
 ἑπτὰ (epta)
 seven
Adjective Adjective
acc. pl. ♂ accusative plural masculine
Numerical Numerical
 A-APM-NUI
G0792
 ἀστέρας· (asteras.)
 stars.
Noun Noun
acc. pl. ♂ accusative plural masculine
N-APM
G1492
 οἶδά (oida)
 I know
VERB Verb
perf. active ind. perfect active indicative
sing. first person singular
V-RAI-1S
G4771
 σου (soy)
 your
Personal Pron. Personal Pronoun
gen. sing. second person genitive singular
P-2GS
G3588
 τὰ (ta)
Definite article Definite article
acc. pl. neut. accusative plural Neutral
T-APN
G2041
 ἔργα (erga)
 deeds,
Noun Noun
acc. pl. neut. accusative plural Neutral
N-APN
G3754
 ὅτι (oti)
 that
Conj. Conjunktion
 CONJ
G3686
 ὄνομα (onoma)
 characterization
Noun Noun
acc. sing. neut. accusative singular Neutral
N-ASN
G2192
 ἔχεις (echeis)
 you have
VERB Verb
pres. active ind. present active indicative
sing. second person singular
V-PAI-2S
G3754
 ὅτι (oti)
 that
Conj. Conjunktion
 CONJ
G2198
 ζῇς (zes)
 you are alive,
VERB Verb
pres. active ind. present active indicative
sing. second person singular
V-PAI-2S
G2532
 καὶ (kai)
 and yet
Conj. Conjunktion
 CONJ
G3498
 νεκρὸς (nekros)
 dead
Adjective Adjective
nom. sing. ♂ Nominative singular masculine
A-NSM
G1510
 εἶ. (ei.)
 you are.
VERB Verb
pres. active ind. present active indicative
sing. second person singular
V-PAI-2S

The color of the words tell you how rare the word is, the more red, the fewer uses.

Colorscale:  
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