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He [a future leader – the Antichrist] will make a strong agreement (covenant) with many peoples for a period of seven years [7 years]. After half of the seven years [3.5 years], he will abolish sacrifices and offerings. On the wing of abominations, the destroyer will come. [A wing is an image of something that spreads out and covers everything, see Isa. 8:8. Another interpretation is that it is in part of the temple, a "wing" of the building.] This shall continue until the appointed end is poured out [a divine punishment comes, see verse 11] upon the destroyer." [When Daniel receives this revelation, Jerusalem and the temple lie in ruins. It must have been encouraging to hear that the city and the temple would be rebuilt, but also painful to hear that a new destruction was foretold and that difficult times are appointed for the end. Jesus refers to the last part of this vision as a future event, see Matt. 24:15. Paul writes about it as something that has not yet happened, see 2 Thess 2:4. The connection to "half a time" and 3.5 years in Revelation also points to the end times, see Rev 11:2–3; 12:6, 14; 13:5. As for the starting point, verse 25 says that it is from a word about rebuilding Jerusalem. Three suggestions are common: 538 BC – King Cyrus' word to Zerubbabel, see 2 Chron. 36:22–23; Ezra 1:1–3; 6:1–5; Isaiah 44:28; 45:13. 457 BC – King Artaxerxes' words to Ezra to resume temple service, see Ezra 7:11–26. 445 BC – King Artaxerxes' words to Nehemiah to rebuild the wall of Jerusalem, see Neh 2:1–8. Orthodox Jewish view A common Jewish interpretation is to start from 605 BC. Adding 434 years brings us to 171 BC. It is then 7 years until 164 BC when the temple is purified. The 49 years refer to the time it took to complete the temple and are included in the 434 years. According to this view, this prophecy has been fulfilled. Messianic view Those who believe in Jesus' words in Matt. 24:15 and also see that the revelation is messianic start the count at one of the three proclamations. The end date then falls at the birth of Jesus or his entry into Jerusalem. Most of the Church Fathers believed that this revelation referred to the Messiah. These verses in Daniel may have been the reason for the messianic expectation around the year 0. The group called "Herodians" in Jesus' time, see Mark 3:6, saw Herod as an anointed king, a messiah. A few years after Jesus' birth, astrologers came from the East, probably Jewish descendants from Babylon who knew Daniel's prophecies, see Matt. 2:1–2. Simeon and Hannah were waiting for the Lord's Anointed One, see Luke 2:25–26, 36–38. In the synagogue in Nazareth, Jesus reads from Isaiah about the year of jubilee and that the Scriptures are fulfilled, see Luke 4:21 Most people with this interpretation add 7 + 62. The sum is then 69 seven periods, which corresponds to 483 years. Depending on the starting point and how you count, the result will vary. In short, there are three main lines of reasoning depending on the three different starting years: 483 years from Cyrus' decree in 538 BC to Jesus' death. David L Cooper has shown that there are certain ambiguities in the Persian Empire's chronology, which is based on the calculations of the Greek mathematician Ptolemy. If the Persian rule is not 205 years but only 123 years, the starting point becomes Cyrus' decree. Nehemiah and Jewish sources such as rabbinical works such as Seder Olam support a shorter chronology. The monk Dionysius, who devised our calendar in 525 AD, missed a few years. The birth of Christ occurred sometime between 8 and 4 BC. The main argument for this timeline is that the prophet Isaiah mentions Cyrus by name as the one who will issue the decree, see Isa. 44:28; 45:13, and that the Jewish calendar is more reliable than the Greek one. 483 years from Artaxerxes' words to Ezra 457 BC to 27 AD – when Jesus began his ministry. This calculation uses normal solar years of 365.25 days. In Dionysius' calendar, there is only one year between 1 BC and 1 AD, which means that one year must be added. 483 years from the words of Artaxerxes to Nehemiah 445 BC to 32 AD – when Jesus rode into Jerusalem on a donkey. The calculation uses lunar years of 360 days instead of solar years of 365 days. The first person to come up with this was Sir Robert Anderson, who worked as a detective at Scotland Yard. He presented his calculations in a book at the end of the 19th century. The reason for using lunar years is that in Rev 12:6, 30-day months are used to describe 3.5 years. The calculations are complex because calendars change and there are similar calculations that adjust the end date by about a year. Since neither Jesus' birth nor death can be determined exactly, there is uncertainty. Those who hold this view do not ignore that certain parts have been fulfilled as shadows in what happened to Antiochus IV Epiphanes. The prophetic clock seems to have stopped after 69 seven periods. One seven period remains. Jesus came as a suffering servant, but will also come as a king to reign. Paul speaks of Israel's hardening until the Gentiles have come in full number, see Rom. 11:25.]
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