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The Book of Proverbs is a practical book. It contains collections of proverbs for living wisely. The proverbs often highlight the positive and negative consequences of life choices. It covers virtually all areas of life, such as marriage, child rearing, business relationships, work ethic, speech, inner attitudes, religious life, planning for the future, how to help the poor, how to treat enemies, and much more. The Book of Proverbs follows an educational model in which the teacher is a "father" and the intended reader/listener is his son. On his journey through life, the son is faced with a variety of choices. The Book of Proverbs argues that the crucial choice is between wisdom and folly. These two are personified as women who tempt the son to choose a path. Wisdom begins with fearing and revering God, while folly is always associated in one way or another with idolatry or unfaithfulness to God. Hebrew has several words for fool. The following five words are used in the Book of Proverbs, in ascending order of folly:
1. The simple/open fool (Hebr. peti) – lacks knowledge, is ignorant, open and easily led, but can change (Prov 1:4, 22).
2. The babbling fool (Hebr. evil) – talks nonsense (Prov 10:8, 10, 14, 21), can be taken for wise if he is silent (Prov 17:28), believes his own way is right (Prov 12:15).
4. The scornful fool (Hebr. lets) – despises God and teaches folly (Ps. 1:1), refuses to accept correction (Prov 1:22; 13:1).
5. The wicked fool (Hebr. naval) – lives completely without God (Ps. 14:1), is a sorrow to his parents (Prov 17:7, 21). The word comes from navel, which describes something that withers away, falls down, and dies. This word for fool does not describe someone who is stupid or unintelligent. Instead, it refers to moral foolishness. Those who repeatedly go against their conscience eventually die inside and stifle their spiritual life. The image that is painted is one of morality that shrinks and withers away. The First Book of Samuel tells the story of a man named Naval (Nabal in English). During a period when David was fleeing from Saul, Naval did not want to acknowledge David even though David had been good to him, see 1 Sam. 25:25. This man, with the same name, personifies foolishness.
Written: Compiled in the 9th century BC. Some proverbs may be older. Some parts may have been compiled in the late 700s on behalf of King Hezekiah (who reigned 726-698 BC), see Prov 25:1. Author: Solomon is the one who collected and used the proverbs, see Prov 1:1. He may not be the original author of all those attributed to him; some may be older.
Chapters 25-29 were probably edited by Hezekiah's men, see Prov 25:1. Chapters 30-31 contain proverbs from Agur, see Prov 30:1, and Lemuel, see Prov 31:1, who may have been pseudonyms for Solomon.
Reading time: ca 3 hours.
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6915 words in the book (in the original text).
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Proverbs
FIRST COLLECTION: A manual for life (chapters 1-9)
11These are proverbs (parables, images, sayings, truths – Hebr. mashal) by Solomon, king of Israel, son of David.[Now follow five reasons for the book that is translated "To give." In Hebrew, this is clearly defined by the preposition lamed on five verbs in verses 1, 2a, 2b, 3a, 4a, 6a. Central to this is the result and main point in verse 3, which is righteousness, justice, and integrity.]2To give (learn) wisdom and instruction (upbringing).
To understand (comprehend) wise (insightful) words.3To give instruction on how to act with wisdom (how to gain self-discipline, and how to act rightly in moral matters), the result will be: righteousness (following God's standard) and justice (making fair decisions) and integrity (what one says and what one does are consistent, living morally right, walking straight ahead).4To give the inexperienced (naive) understanding (vigilance, good judgment), the young (the youth, the teenager – Hebr. naar) knowledge to plan their lives (knowledge of the best way to live a wise life). 5But even those who are already wise can listen and gain more knowledge. A sensible person takes good (moral) advice to heart (so that he can steer his life in the right direction).6To give understanding (insight to interpret the deeper meaning) of proverbs (Hebr. mashal), the words and mysteries (questions; dark and puzzling words – Hebr. chida) are revealed. 7The fear (awe, reverence, respect) of the Lord (Yahweh) is the beginning (the start; the very first step) of knowledge – [only] fools despise wisdom and correction (upbringing, teaching). [This is the first of a total of 14 times that the word fear (Hebr. jirah) is used in Proverbs. The number 14 (2 x 7) stands for double perfection (the Passover lamb is slaughtered on the 14th of Nisan, see Ex. 12:5–6; the genealogy has 14 generations, see Matt. 1:17). Here, the same word for "beginning" (Hebr. reshit) is used as in Gen. 1:1. How a healthy and proper fear of God is the first step to wisdom is expanded upon in chapters 8-9, see especially Prov 9:10.]
Listen to instruction
8My son (child,friend), listen to your father's rebuke, do not reject (abandon) your mother's teaching (instructions – Hebr. Torah). 9For they are like a beautiful wreath (literally: "wreath of grace/favor" – Hebr. livjachen) on your head [Prov 4:9], and like a chain around your neck [symbol of honor and success].
Say no to bad company
10My son (child, friend), if sinners tempt (entice, seduce) you, do not go with them (do not agree with what they say, and do not long to be with them). 11If they say,
"Come with us, we will lie in wait for blood [attack, rob, kill] innocent people for no reason. 12Let us devour them alive, like Sheol (the underworld—the place of the dead), even though they are in the prime of life, they will be lowered into the grave. 13We will search for everything of value and fill our houses with stolen goods. 14Become one of us, we share everything (common assets, stolen goods)."
15My son (child, friend), do not go with them, keep your foot from their path. 16For their feet rush (rush) to all that is evil, they are quick to shed blood.17For surely it is futile to spread a net [to catch] before the eyes of a bird. 18That is exactly what they do, they set a trap for others, but it is their own downfall they are preparing. 19So it goes (such are the well-known paths) for every person who is greedy for unjust gain, life will be taken from him.
Wisdom speaks
[Attributing human characteristics to an abstract concept is a common poetic style in Proverbs. Instead of simply describing wisdom factually, it is personified here as a woman, painting a more vivid picture for the reader.]20Wisdom goes out into the streets and cries aloud, in the public squares she raises her voice. 21At noisy crossroads she cries out, at the city gates she speaks:
22"You foolish people, how long will you love your meaningless lives, and you cynics, your negativity, and you [arrogant] fools, how long will you hate knowledge? 23If you turn back [repent] and listen to my rebuke, then I [wisdom personified] will let my spirit come upon you; I will let my words be known to you.24You refused to answer when I [wisdom personified] called out, and did not care when I reached out my hand. 25You ignored my advice and did not accept my correction. 26Therefore, I [wisdom personified] will laugh at your misfortune, and mock you when terror (fear) comes upon you, 27when it comes upon you like a storm, when your downfall comes like a whirlwind, when difficulties (mental anguish) befall you. [The picture painted here is of fools who hate and ridicule wisdom. In the end, their path leads to destruction, and then it is wisdom that laughs at them instead. This reinforces the absurdity of choosing a foolish path despite repeated warnings. I in this verse refers to personified wisdom, not God. He does not laugh at misfortune; he, if anyone, can sympathize with human suffering. He does not extinguish a smoldering wick, Isa. 42:3, Jesus weeps over Jerusalem, see Luke 19:41, etc.]28Then they will call upon me [wisdom personified], but I will not answer. Then they will seek me diligently, but without finding me. 29Because they hated knowledge and chose not to fear (not to worship in reverence) the Lord (Yahweh), 30because they refused to follow my advice, and rejected all the times I wanted to correct (teach) them, 31therefore they shall eat [the bitter] fruit of their own way (decisions, actions) and be filled with their evil plans.32The apostasy of the foolish will be their death, and the success (prosperity) of the [self-confident] fools will be their downfall (death). 33But whoever hears (listens, obeys, agrees, pronounces, and says the same thing as) me [wisdom] can be calm and secure without fear of misfortune (danger)."
if you accept my words and keep my commandments (clear commands) within you, 2by actively (attentively) listening to wisdom and inclining your heart to prudence (insight, understanding) [humbling yourself before God's knowledge, and reaching out to it with all your strength],
3if you cry out for understanding (discernment) and raise your voice to call for wisdom (insight, understanding),
4if you seek it like silver and search for it like hidden treasure,
5then you will understand what it means to fear (revere, respect) the Lord (Yahweh), and find (attain) the knowledge of God (Elohim).
6For the Lord (Yahweh) gives wisdom, from his mouth comes knowledge and understanding (insight). 7He builds up a storehouse of sound wisdom (for success) for the righteous, and is like a shield [protector] for those who walk with integrity (innocently, blamelessly), 8for he protects the paths of the righteous, and preserves the way of those who are faithful (loyal, loving) to him.9Then you will understand righteousness (how to follow God's standard), justice (how to make just decisions) and integrity (how to live morally right, stand upright, walk straight ahead without turning to the right or left), yes, all good (morally right) ways. 10For wisdom will enter (fill) your heart, and [moral] knowledge will become attractive (lovely) to you. 11Discernment (thoughtfulness) shall watch over you, and wisdom shall protect you.
Wisdom saves you from temptations
[Wisdom saves a young man from two great temptations: easy, dishonest money and promiscuous relationships with women.]12They [wisdom, knowledge, and judgment] will save (rescue) you from evil men, from those who speak perversities (untruths, immorality), 13who abandon the right paths (well-known beaten paths) to walk in the ways of darkness, 14who find pleasure in being wicked, and rejoice (celebrate) in the perversities (distortions) of wickedness, 15whose paths (well-known beaten paths) are crooked and whose ways are deceitful (morally distorted).16They [wisdom, knowledge, and judgment] will rescue (pull away) you [from evil women] from the strange (unmarried and unchaste) woman, from the sexually liberated woman (the adulteress, your neighbor's wife) who tempts with seductive speech, 17she has left her husband who has been with her since her youth, and forgotten (abandoned) the marriage covenant she made before God (Elohim). 18Her house (family) sinks down to death, her ways (trails) lead to the shadows (the deceased – Hebr. rafaim). 19No one who goes in to her will return (find their way back), or find the paths of life (well-trodden paths). [They will not find joy and blessing.]
Final words
20Therefore, walk in the way of the morally good people, and stay on the paths of the righteous (well-known beaten paths). 21For the righteous will dwell in the land and those with integrity (without guilt, pure of heart) shall remain there. 22But the wicked (morally corrupt) will be cut off from the land, the unfaithful (those whose lifestyle is to betray, be unfaithful in marriage, relationships, lack integrity) shall be uprooted [like weeds; taken away into exile].
Keep wisdom in your heart
31My son (child, friend), do not forget my teaching (my instructions – Hebr. Torah), and keep (protect, guard) my commandments (commandments – Hebr. mitzvot) in your heart, 2for long life (length of days) and years of life and peace (complete harmony in all areas of life) they will give (they will add) to you. 3Let mercy (loving care) and truth (stability, steadfastness, faithfulness) never leave you – bind them around your neck [as reminders, see Deut. 6:8; Num. 15:38], write (engrave) them [carve their initials] on the tablet of your heart [Jer. 31:33; Rom. 2:15], 4then you will find (acquire, obtain) favor (undeserved favor – Hebr. chen) and good understanding (reputation) [both] in the sight of God and man.
Trust in the Lord in everything
5Trust in (lean on; rely on) the Lord (Yahweh) with all your heart, and do not rely (depend) on your own understanding (your own competence/judgment).6In all your ways [on your journey through life] – acknowledge (become intimately acquainted with; seek to know) him and he will make straight your paths [your familiar, well-trodden paths]. [The verb for making straight (Hebr. jashar) means to straighten out, i.e., it leads to something becoming right and pleasant.]7Do not be wise in your own eyes; fear (revere, respect) the Lord (Yahweh) and flee (turn away completely; depart from) [refuse and stay away from] evil. [Prov 8:13; 16:6; Isa. 5:21; 27:2; Rom. 12:3] 8It will bring health to your body and strength (marrow) [new energy] to your [all its] bones [then there will be cure and healing for your whole being]. 9Honor the Lord (Yahweh) with all you possess, give him the first (and best) part of your harvest (income). [Ex. 23:19; Lev. 23:9–14; Num. 18:4; 28:8; Mal. 3:10–12] 10Then your barns will be filled to overflowing (to the brim) and your wine vats (wine presses) will overflow with new wine. 11My son (child, friend), do not despise (resist; distance yourself from) the Lord's (Yahweh's) discipline (training, chastisement) [do not reject "the Lord's school"], and do not be frustrated (feel no fear; do not be angry) at his rebuke (correction, punishment; pronouncement of judgment) [as a legal argument]. 12For the Lord (Yahweh) loves (has affection for; shows affection; cares for) whom he disciplines (corrects, punishes; convinces) [by presenting a just judgment], just as a father [reasonably disciplines] the son he loves (delights in; is pleased with). [In Heb. 12:5–6, these two verses are quoted to show how suffering in the service of God is proof of sonship—that God cares and that God is a good Father. The expression originally appears in Job 5:17. The Hebrew words for rebuke tochachat in verse 11 and jachach in verse 12 are used in law to present evidence and refute someone, see Prov 22:6. In the latter, there is also the meaning of punishing. The context here, and the fact that Job was physically afflicted, makes it likely that this refers to some form of physical chastisement. The Greek translation Septuagint chooses the stronger word beat, which describes a harsh punishment. It also interprets the underlying Hebrew in the last stanza slightly differently.]
Seek wisdom
13Happy (blessed, joyful, enviable) is the person who finds [Lady] Wisdom, and the person who acquires (attracts, builds up) knowledge (understanding). 14For the value of knowing her is higher than the value of silver, yes, the gain is better than gold. 15She [Lady Wisdom] is more valuable than rubies, of all you can desire (long for) [of riches in this world] nothing can compare with her. 16In her right hand she holds long life (length of days) in her left, wealth and honor. 17Her ways are lovely (gracious, pleasant, agreeable), her paths are secure (peaceful, successful). 18She is a tree of life [giving vitality and a rich life] to those who lay hold of (grasp, take a firm hold of) her, and happy (blessed, joyful, enviable) is the one who stays with her.
The earth was created through wisdom
19Through wisdom, the Lord (Yahweh) laid the foundations of the earth, with understanding he established (prepared) the heavens. 20His knowledge caused the depths (water sources) to open up and the clouds to shed their dew. [Both in the violent division of land and water, and in the quiet rain, there is God's wisdom.]
Keep your common sense
21My son (child, friend), protect (guard) common sense and good judgment (discernment), do not let your eyes stray from them. 22They will give life to your inner being, and grace (undeserved love) [like a precious jewel] around your neck. 23Then you will walk safely on your way without stumbling (tripping or hitting your foot). 24When you lie down, you will not be afraid, and when you lie down, your sleep will be sweet. 25Do not be afraid of sudden (unexpected) terror (panic, fear, alarming reports), or of the coming storm (destruction, doom) of the wicked. 26For the Lord (Yahweh) is your trust (confidence, sure hope), he will protect your foot from being caught (captured) [in the trap].
Do not withhold good
27Do not withhold good (joy, prosperity, success) from anyone who is entitled to it [its rightful owner], when it is in your power (strength – Hebr. el) to do it. 28Do not say to your neighbor: "Go, come back tomorrow, then I will give it to you," when you already have it [he asks for]. 29Do not plan (do not invent, do not dig up) evil against your neighbor, who believes himself to be safe in your presence. 30Do not quarrel (dispute) with anyone without cause, when he has done you no harm.
The Lord blesses the dwelling of the righteous
31Do not envy a violent man (a cruel oppressor) and do not choose any of his ways. 32For those who have strayed from the right path (act against God's morality) are detestable in the eyes of the Lord (Yahweh). But the righteous he speaks confidentially (shares his plans) with. 33The curse of the Lord (Yahweh) is upon the house (family) of the wicked (criminals, sinners), but he blesses the dwelling place of the righteous. 34He mocks (despises) those who are constantly mocking (arrogant, condescending, those whose lifestyle is to bully and despise others), but gives his undeserved grace (favor, approval – Hebr. chen) to the humble. 35The wise receive honor as their inheritance while [the self-confident, arrogant] fools' "promotion" becomes shame (disgrace).
Your life is at stake
41Listen, my sons (children, friends), to your father's admonition (instruction), listen attentively so that you may learn insight (understanding, discernment in spiritual matters). 2For I give you good teaching (good doctrines), do not forsake (abandon) my teaching (instructions – Hebr. Torah). 3When I [Solomon] myself was only a child before my father [David], and in the eyes of my mother [Bathsheba], her dearly beloved only son, 4then he taught me and said:
"Let your heart grasp (hold fast to) my words, keep my commandments (clear commands), so that you may live [long, well, free from gloom]. 5Acquire (seek, obtain) wisdom, acquire understanding (discernment). Do not forget and do not turn away from the words of my mouth. 6Do not forsake wisdom, she will preserve (defend, protect) you, love her, and she will protect you. 7The beginning of wisdom (the first and most important thing, above and before everything else) is: Acquire [God's] wisdom, and with all you have, gain understanding (discernment). 8Value wisdom highly and exalt her, and she will exalt you;she will honor youwhen you embrace her. 9She will place a beautiful crown (literally: "wreath of grace/favor" – Hebr. livjachen) on your head [give you peace of mind] – a crown [beautifuly ornated] of honor [a good and honorable life] she will [take care to] bestow upon you."
The path of wisdom
10My son (friend, child), listen and accept my proverbs (promises, commandments), and you will live many years. 11I will teach (instruct) you in the way of wisdom [which gives full understanding of God's purposes and ways], I will guide you in [morally] right paths (tracks). 12When you walk, your steps will not be hindered (cramp, be bound, troubled, grieved), when you run, you will not fall (stumble). 13Take hold of my admonition (reprimand, discipline, refinement process) firmly, do not let go of it, for it is your life. [Do not shy away from trials, but let them do their work in you.]
Walk in the way of God
14Do not enter the path of the wicked (well-known beaten path), do not walk in the way of the wicked. [Ps. 1:1] 15Avoid (abstain from) it, do not enter it, [but if you have made a mistake] turn around and walk on [in God's way for your life]. 16The [wicked] cannot sleep unless they have done evil, sleep is taken from them unless they have brought someone down. 17Their bread [what they live on, feed themselves with] is wickedness and their wine [what makes them happy] is violence. 18But the path of the righteous (well-trodden path) is like the light of dawn, which grows stronger and stronger (brighter and clearer) until it becomes full day. 19In contrast, the path of the wicked is like the deepest darkness, they do not even know what caused their downfall.
Guard your heart
20My son (child, friend), listen to (take in, understand, become one with) my words turn your ear (listen carefully) to my speech. 21Do not let them out of your sight, keep (protect, memorize) them deep in your heart. 22For they [God's prov] are life (living, life-giving) to those who find them, healing (health, life-giving) to the whole body. 23More than anything [else], you [as a protective guardian] must faithfully guard [preserve] your heart [Heb. 12:15], for from it flows life [the springs of life flow; it is the source of life]. [Just as the heart pumps life-giving blood, a person's inner life, thoughts, and morals are crucial to every decision and action, see Matt. 12:35; 15:19; 2 Cor. 13:5; Phil. 4:6–7. The noun for "outflows/outgoings" (Hebr. totsaah) is used here as a verb (goes out). The word for "life" (Hebr. chajim) is also in the plural, but is inflected as singular. This is a way of showing the many changes and events in life, see Gen. 2:7.]24Remove falsehood from your mouth, let deceit be far from your lips. 25Let your eyes look straight ahead, focus (fix) your gaze on what lies before you. [Do not be distracted by what is happening around you or what has happened earlier on your path.] 26Let the path (track) of your foot be even (balanced, righteous), so that all your ways will be well considered (right). 27Do not turn to the right or to the left, and keep your foot away from evil.
Do not let yourself be seduced
51My son (friend, child), pay attention to my wisdom [God's wisdom that I, Solomon, have learned from my own, often costly experiences], turn your ear to my understanding (listen carefully), 2so that you may preserve your discernment (judgment) and let your lips preserve (protect, guard) knowledge (insight, wise answers) [when temptations come].3A prostitute's lips drip with honey [are sweet and flattering], her tongue is smooth as oil, 4but the outcome [if you fall for her seductive words] is that she becomes bitter (harsh) as wormwood and sharp as a double-edged (deadly) sword. 5Her feet lead to death, her steps go straight to Sheol (the grave, the underworld—the place of the dead). 6She avoids walking on the path of life, her ways (tracks) are unstable (changeable, fleeting), and she does not even know it.7Now listen to me, sons (friends, children), do notforsake (abandon) what I say: 8Let your way be far from her, do not go near the door of her house. 9Otherwise, you will give your strength (honor, glory, dignity) [your best years; your sexual energy] to others and your years [your life] to a [ruthless] cruel [person], 10and let strangers (adulterers) revel (revel) in your strength (prosperity) and the profits of your hard work go to a foreign household. [A home that is foreign to both God and righteousness.] 11Then you will moan (groan, cry out in pain) when it all comes to an end, when your body and your insides (bones, blood) perish. [The expression describes how a life marked by excessive indulgence in sensual pleasures affects physical health. In Prov 6:32, it is described how it also destroys the soul.] 12Then you say, "I hated discipline, and in my heart I despised (detested, hated) correction. 13Why did I not obey my teachers and listen to those who taught me? 14I was involved in almost every kind of sin (wickedness) [My life was ruined], and everyone in the congregation (community) knew about it."15Drink water from your own cistern [in a pure marriage relationship] and fresh running water from your own spring. 16Should your offspring be scattered outside [your home] like water in the gutters? 17[Stay with your wife.] Let your children belong to you and no stranger [to the family]. 18Let your intimate relationship with your wife be blessed, the one you married when you were young, rejoice together. 19Let her be as beautiful (literally: a lover) as a doe and as charming (pleasant, enchanting, captivating; literally "give you undeserved grace" – Hebr. chen) as the gazelle, let her breasts always quench your thirst (please, satisfy you) and always be lost (intoxicated) in love with her. 20Why should you, my friend, desire a promiscuous woman (adulteress), and embrace the arms of a strange woman? 21The eyes of the Lord (Yahweh) see all the ways of a man (character, actions), and he carefully considers (weighs) all choices (paths, tracks). 22The wicked are caught by their own sin (immorality), they are ensnared by their own sin, which binds them. 23He dies for lack of discipline (rebuke), the amount of folly (foolishness, madness) causes him to go astray (stumble, fall).
Regarding surety and agreements
61My son (child, friend), if you have made a pledge for your neighbor, or [hastily] signed an agreement with (become a guarantor for) a stranger, 2then you are obligated because you have given your word, you are trapped by your own words. 3You yourself have put yourself in a situation where your neighbor has power over you, but do this to be free [act immediately]: Humble yourself, go and beg and plead with your neighbor (pester him). [So that he pays his debt and thereby frees you from your obligation to the creditors.] 4Do not allow your eyes to sleep, do not close your eyelids. 5Save (snatch) yourself like a gazelle from his [a hunter's] hand, like a bird from the bird catcher's hand (grip).
Look at the ant
6You who are lazy (sluggish), go and watch the ant, contemplate (see, examine, understand, think about) its life (actions, morals, path) and become wise. 7It has no prince (boss), no constant supervision by a supervisor (superior) or a ruler (one who dictates laws and decides everything), 8yet it prepares its food during the summer and gathers its food when it is harvest time.9How long, you lazy person, will you lie down [in your bed], when will you wake up from your sleep? 10A little more sleep, doze (rest) a little longer, fold your arms to rest even more. [Do you know what's coming?] 11Poverty will march in [step by step] and misery (need, want) will come like an armed man [and you will be forced to obey him].12A destructive person, yes, a godless person, is one who has a lifestyle of deceitful (twisted, perverse) speech. 13Such a person winks with his eyes, stamps his feet [gives secret signals], and signals with his fingers [all to mislead and deceive]. 14Deceit (perverse, twisted, and deceitful things) is in his heart, he always devises (works/engraves again and again) evil plans [plans misfortune and sorrow for others], he sows (spreads; unleashes; gives free rein to) discord (division, disagreement). 15Therefore, sudden disaster (catastrophe) will come upon him, suddenly he will be crushed without rescue.
Seven things God detests
16Here are six things that the Lord (Yahweh) hates, yes, seven things that are an abomination to him (something he considers detestable, repulsive, and disgusting):
17Two eyes [dual form] that are proud (a haughty gaze; arrogant, superior attitude).
A tongue that speaks falsehood (lies – Hebr. sheqer).
Two hands [dual form] that shed innocent blood.
18A heart that devises (plans) evil plans (thoughts). [Center of the chiasmus]
Two feet [dual form] that rush (hurry, run quickly) toward evil (misery, disaster, misfortune).
19One who breathes out (expels, exhales) lies (untruths, illusions, delusions – Hebr. kazav), a false (Hebr. sheqer) witness. [Someone who speaks untruths in everything he says, even under oath.]
Someone who sows (spreads; unleashes; gives free rein to) discord (disharmony, division) among (between his) brothers.
[This list is written to be easily memorized. The first five points are illustrated using five body parts mentioned from top to bottom (eyes, tongue, outstretched hands, heart, and feet) – the last two describe two character types (a false witness and one who creates division). There is also a chiastic pattern where the word sheqer is repeated as the second and sixth points. The second point with the tongue is related to the sixth point with the verb to breathe. Hands that shed innocent blood are related to feet that rush to evil. At the source, and at the center of the chiasmus, is the heart that devises evil plans. The first six points begin with nouns for body parts and the sixth is the verb to breathe/puff. The seventh point is about discord between brothers – which can be likened to a body. It ties together nicely the image of a human community as a body that belongs together, see also 1 Cor. 12:12–14. If God hates these seven things, then their opposites are blessed and desirable. God wants to see: humility, truth, preservation of life, pure thoughts, eagerness to do good, honest witnesses, and reconciliation. Jesus addresses these points (and more) in the Sermon on the Mount, see Matt. 5. The first point in Jesus' teaching (about "the poor in spirit," see Matt. 5:5) is the opposite of the first point here (about "proud eyes," see verse 17), and what Jesus highlights as the seventh point in his sermon (about "peacemakers," see Matt. 5:7) also has its opposite here (about "sowing discord," see verse 19) in seventh place.]
Warning against adultery
20My son (child, friend), keep your father's commandments (clear rules – Hebr. mitsvah) [given by God] and do not reject (leave, abandon) your mother's teaching (Hebr. Torah) [from the word of God]. 21Bind them continually (continuously, time after time) around your heart, and tie them around your neck. 22When you walk, they [the words of your parents' God] shall guide you; when you sleep, they shall watch over (protect, preserve) you; when you wake up, they shall speak to you [make you ponder, think, and reflect on them]. 23For the commandment (Hebr. mitzvah) is a lamp [oil lamp], and the teaching (Hebr. Torah) is light, and admonishing correction (discipline that leads to order and obedience) is the way to life. [Jewish tradition has identified 613 mitzvot (plural of mitzvah) in the Torah – the five books of Moses. The word Torah is also used generally to refer to teaching and includes the entire Old Testament.] 24They preserve you from the evil (prostitute) woman and from the seductive (flattering, flattering) tongue of the promiscuous woman (adulteress). 25Do not let your heart desire her beauty, do not let yourself be captivated by her gaze. 26For the prostitute, a man is worth no more than a meal, but the unfaithful woman (adulteress), on the other hand, is after your precious (honorable) life. 27Can you carry fire (burning wood) in your arms without your clothes catching fire? 28Can you walk [barefoot] on hot coals without your feet getting burned? 29So it is with the one who goes in to (has sexual relations with) his neighbor's wife; the one who touches her will not go unpunished.30One can understand (have compassion for) a thief who steals food when he is hungry, 31but if he is caught, he must still pay back sevenfold, he may be forced to leave everything he owns in his house. 32But the one who commits adultery lacks understanding (morality, comprehension), he destroys (annihilates, ruins, corrupts) his own soul (and his life). 33Wounds (illness, torment) and shame (humiliation, degradation) are what he gets, and his disgrace (contempt, low status) is not erased. 34For the man's [the unfaithful woman's husband] jealousy makes him furious, he will show no mercy when [the affair is revealed and] he takes revenge. 35He will not even consider any kind of compensation, he will refuse to accept anything from you no matter how large the sum you offer.
How can one be preserved?
71My son (child, friend), hold fast to (protect, preserve) my words (Hebr. amar), and preserve (build up a store of, hide away) my commandments (Hebr. mitsvot) within you. 2Keep (protect, preserve) my commandments and you will live [then you will live an abundant life], follow my teaching (Hebr. Torah) and protect it like the apple of your eye. 3Bind them on your fingers [always keep the commandments in view, like a wedding ring], and write them on the tablet of your heart [memorize them]. 4Say to wisdom, "You are my sister," and call understanding (insight, discernment) your close friend (Hebr. móda; literally: near; feminin). 5They can keep you from both the strange (unmarried and unchaste) woman, and the promiscuous woman (the adulteress) who speaks so seductively (flattering, insinuating).
A story about a young man who allows himself to be led astray
6When I stood at the window of my house, and looked out through the lattice. 7I saw among the inexperienced (easily led, naive, foolish), among the young people, I noticed a young man without any judgment (understanding, heart, conscience, courage). 8He passed by the street near the corner where the prostitute stood and walked proudly (pompously) on toward her house. 9Dusk turned to evening, it became pitch black (literally "the apple of the night's eye," the darkest part of the pupil, midnight) and dark. [Dusk turned to evening, evening turned to night, and a deep darkness descended upon the young man's life.]10Suddenly, a woman came and met him, she was dressed like a prostitute and had a cunning (crafty) heart. 11She was loud (indecent, coarse) and impulsive (unpredictable, rebellious), her feet had no rest in her own house. 12Instead, she was on the streets, in the squares, at every street corner she lay in wait [temptation lies in ambush, ready to attack]. 13She threw her arms around him and kissed him, and without the slightest shame she said:14"I have brought a peace offering [thanksgiving offering] with me [to my house], today I have fulfilled my [religious] vows. [She gives the impression of being pious and holy. The meat from the thank offering was to be eaten on the same day, see Lev. 7:15–16.] 15Therefore, I went out to meet you, I searched for you specifically and I found you. 16I have made my bed with new clean sheets, exclusive imported fabrics from Egypt. 17I have perfumed the bed, with beautiful exotic scents (literally "myrrh, aloe, and cinnamon"). 18Come, let us intoxicate ourselves with love until morning, let us enjoy each other in love. 19My husband is not at home, he is away on a long journey. 20He took a lot of money with him and will not be home until the next full moon."21With many persuasive (tempting, enticing) arguments, she seduces him, with her seductive speech she persuades him [to overcome his conscience and judgment] and gets him to go with her. 22Suddenly (at once) he follows her, like an ox on its way to slaughter, like a fool being led away in chains to be punished, 23like a bird that flies quickly (is rushed, chased to fly) straight into a net and does not know that it will cost it its life until the arrow (spear) pierces its liver (innermost, vital parts).24Now listen to me, my children (friends), listen attentively (actively) to the words from my mouth. 25Do not let your hearts stray from her ways, do not wander into her paths. 26For she has struck down and wounded many, yes, she has killed a great number. 27Her house is the way to Sheol (the grave, the underworld—the place of the dead), it leads (more and more uncontrollably) down to the chambers of death.
Lady Wisdom cries out
[In Proverbs wisdom and understanding are personified as woman. They stand in contrast to another women called folly (Prov 9:13). To illustrate this the translation is using the title Lady Wisdom in parallel with Madame Insight. The feminine form is used throughout chapter 8 describing wisdom.]81Is it not so that [Lady] Wisdom calls out, and [Madame] Insight (Understanding) raises her voice? [In contrast to the promiscuous woman in the previous chapter, there is no secrecy here; the invitation to receive wisdom and understanding is extended openly to all.] 2She stands at the top of the heights, by the road, where the paths meet (at the crossroads). 3Next to the gates, at the entrance to the city, she calls out (clearly and distinctly):4"To you people (men – Hebr. ish), I call out to you, and I address all of humanity (children of men – Hebr. beneadam). 5You foolish ones, learn wisdom (learn to discern wisdom), you [self-righteous arrogant] fools, acquire a heart of understanding (wisdom, discernment). 6Listen, for I want to tell you about amazing (excellent, superior) things, when I open my mouth, I speak what is right. 7My mouth speaks (mutters softly) what is true (firm, lasting), because my lips hate (detest) evil. 8All the words from my mouth are righteous, there is nothing contradictory (false, hostile) or twisted (corrupt, perverse, devious, perverted) in them. 9They are obvious (self-evident, easily accessible) to those who understand, and right for those who are constantly learning (discovering, deepening their knowledge). 10Accept my teaching (admonition) rather than [the pursuit of] silver, and [my] knowledge rather than choice gold. 11Wisdom is better than rubies and pearls, nothing you could possibly desire can compare to her.12I, wisdom, dwell with understanding, I show the way to (give clarity, teach, possess) knowledge and insight (good judgment). 13To fear (revere, respect) the Lord (Yahweh) is to hate [not to do] evil. Pride (arrogance) and haughtiness (pomposity, grandeur), yes, an evil way [an evil life] and a corrupt (false, deceitful) mouth [perverse and twisted speech], I hate that."
Seek wisdom
14"I [wisdom personified] have all advice (instructions, recommendations), I am understanding, I have power (strength). 15Through me, kings (leaders) reign and princes judge fairly [through wisdom, just laws can be created]. 16Through me, rulers (leaders) reign, and magnates, yes, all righteous leaders (judges) on earth. 17I love those who love me, and those who seek me early (as a first priority, with an honest heart, intensely) find me. 18Riches and honor are with me, lasting prosperity (success in every area and relationship) and righteousness. 19My fruit is better than gold, yes, better than the finest gold, the gain (dividend, merit) I give is better than choice silver. 20I walk in the path of righteousness, in the midst of the paths of justice (well-trodden paths), 21to provide those who love me (whose lifestyle is to love me) with assets (riches, inheritance), and fill their storehouses."
The origin of wisdom
22"The Lord (Yahweh) acquired (gave birth to, created) me [wisdom personified] first of all, first of his ancient works of creation. 23I was appointed [given my position] from eternity, from the beginning (first, as head), yes, even before the earth existed. 24When there were no depths of the oceans, I was born, when there were no springs overflowing with water. 25Before the mountains took shape (foundation), before the heights were created, I was born. 26Before he had created open land and the fields or the earth's (ground's) first dust (particles).27When he prepared (established) the heavens, I [wisdom personified] was there, when he drew a circle over [water] the depths. 28When he established the clouds above, when the underground water sources grew strong. [To hold up the water above and hold back the water below, see Gen. 1:7–11; Job 26:8.] 29When he set up the coastlines of the sea so that they would not transgress his command, when he established the foundations of the earth (foundation, basis).30Then I [wisdom personified] was beside him as a master craftsman (coordinator of the work), and I was daily his delight, and I rejoiced always before him. 31I rejoiced (enjoyed, delighted) in the inhabited part of the earth, I found pleasure in (was amused by) being among the people."
Wisdom wants to bless
32"Now therefore, listen to me [wisdom personified], my friends (children): Blessed (happy, fortunate, enviable) are those who keep to my ways. 33Take my admonition (exhortation) and become wise, do not ignore (reject, refuse) it. 34Blessed (happy, enviable) is the one who listens to me, who watches daily at my gates and waits outside my doorposts. 35For those who constantly find me [wisdom personified], find life and receive (produce, attract) the Lord's (Yahweh's) conditional grace (favor, joy, delight, approval, acceptance – Hebr. ratson). 36But those who avoid (sin against) me harm themselves (their own soul – Hebr. nefesh), all who hate (reject) me love death."
Wisdom invites to a feast
91Wisdom has built herself a house, she has hewn out seven pillars. [Seven is the number of perfection, and is what supports the building.] 2She has prepared the food (slaughtered cattle), mixed her wine, and set her table. 3She has sent out her young maids [to invite people to the feast], she calls out from the highest places in the city: 4"Whoever is ignorant (unsure), come here!" To those who need (lack, are in need of) understanding (knowledge), she says: 5"Come and eat my bread! Drink the wine I have mixed. 6Leave ignorance and live! [Can be translated as "leave bad company" or "don't be naive, and don't let yourself be led astray".] Walk the path of understanding (insight)."7Whoever corrects a blasphemer (a person full of contempt) will only be insulted (offended), whoever rebukes a mad (ungodly) man will himself be bruised. 8If you rebuke a blasphemer, he will hate you. Rebuke a wise man, and he will love [respect] you. 9Give [instruction] to a wise man, and he will grow in wisdom. Teach a righteous man, and he will learn even more.10The beginning of (the starting point; a basic prerequisite for) wisdom is the fear (reverential respect) of the Lord (Yahweh) and the knowledge of (intimate familiarity with) the Holy One is understanding [provides understanding, insight, judgment, and meaning]. [This verse is similar to Prov 1:7, but has a different word order and a different Hebrew word for "beginning". The word techillah (which begins the sentence) means starting point or basic prerequisite and comes from the verb chalal (to fall, to be dishonored/beaten, or to receive a fatal wound). It describes someone who has hit rock bottom and is in need of a fresh start. The Holy One (Hebr. Kedoshim) is in the plural, which reinforces God's majestic nature, see Isa. 6:3. A correct perspective on God's holiness gives a healthy fear of God, which in turn provides the right starting point for gaining understanding and wisdom.] 11For through me [the wisdom of God] your days will be multiplied, and years will be added to your life. 12If you are wise, wisdom will help you, but if you blaspheme (despise, mock), you will bear the punishment yourself [bear the consequences alone].
A false wisdom also cries out
13There is another woman called folly, she is restless (noisy, rowdy), she is frivolous (acts without thinking; is open to all forms of evil) and knows nothing. [She is unaware of everything that is of eternal value.] 14She sits at the entrance to her house, on a chair (throne) above the heights of the city (conspicuous), 15and calls out to those who pass by, to those who walk straight ahead on their path [their well-known beaten path]: 16"Whoever is ignorant (easily led, uncertain), come here!" To those who need (lack, are in need of) knowledge (courage), she says: 17"Stolen water [sex outside of marriage] is sweet (gives satisfaction) and bread given in secret is wonderfully good (pleasant, appealing)." 18He [who follows her advice] does not realize that the shadows (the dead – Hebr. rafaim) are there, that her [the prostitute's] guests have already sunk into the depths of Sheol (the grave, the underworld). [Hebrew sheol describes the place of the dead; the word comes from shaal, which means "to ask for." There is an attraction in this destructive force. See also 1 Pet. 5:9; James 4:7–10.]
SECOND COLLECTION: 375 of Solomon's proverbs (10:1-22:16)
101Proverbs of Solomon. [The numerical value of the Hebrew letters in the word Solomon is 375 (300 + 30 + 40 + 5) – the exact number of verses in Prov 10:1–22:16. The section consists of short proverbs dealing with right and wrong, sometimes grouped together, but mostly standing alone.]
A wise son (child) is a joy to his father, but a self-confident fool of a son (child) is a sorrow (grief, pain, burden) to his mother.
About work ethic
2Wealth (treasures) acquired unjustly brings no profit (benefit, gain), but righteousness (in both spiritual and moral matters) saves from destruction (death). 3The Lord (Yahweh) does not allow the righteous to go hungry, but he takes away (drives away) the appetite of the sinner (the guilty, the criminal). 4Those who work with lazy hands become poor, but the hands of the diligent (hardworking) produce prosperity (wealth). 5He who gathers [the harvest] in summer is a wise son, but he who sleeps during harvest time is a disgrace [to his father and to himself].
The superiority of righteousness
6Blessings (gifts and good words from both people and God) come upon the head of the righteous, but the words of a sinner conceal (are a cover for) violence (evil). 7The memory of the righteous is blessed (praised), while the name (reputation) of the sinner decays. 8The wise of heart receive (follow, accept) the commandments, but a babbling fool falls headlong (perishes). 9The righteous walk safely (securely), but those who stray from [the right] path (deliberately take detours, distort the truth, act immorally and dishonestly) will be exposed. 10He who winks with his eyes [has a habit of secretly planning evil] causes grief (pain, wounds), and he who speaks folly (without understanding) will fall. 11A source (a constant flow) of life is the mouth (words) of the righteous, but the speech of a sinner is a cover for evil (violence).
Love instead of hatred
12Hatred stirs up (drives, incites) strife (disputes, quarrels, competition, quarrels), but love covers (conceals, hides) [through forgiveness and forbearance] all sins.13On the lips (speech) of those who have good judgment, one finds [God's] knowledge (insight, understanding, compassion), but rebuke (corporal punishment) awaits those (literally: 'the back') who lack knowledge (insight, understanding, compassion). 14The wise preserve (gather, hide, build up a store of) knowledge [in their hearts and minds for the future], but the fool's mouth (speech) is close to (imminent risk of) disaster (destruction, ruin). [The wise preserve their wisdom and speak well-chosen words at the right time. A fool, on the other hand, spews out his foolishness, which means that he and those around him are constantly close to catastrophic consequences.] 15The rich man's wealth (abundance) is like a fortified city [his security and safety], but the poor fall (are destroyed) because of their lack [of material possessions]. 16The righteous man's income leads to life, but the sinner's (the guilty, criminal's) profit only leads to more sin. 17He who accepts correction is on the path of life (well-known beaten path), but he who disregards correction goes astray. 18He who hides hatred within himself spreads lies, he who spreads slander is a fool.
The tongue and the blessings of godliness
[The last part, verses 19-32, is symmetrically structured in a poetic form called chiasmus. This means that the theme in the first paragraph is related to the theme in the last paragraph, the theme in the second paragraph to the penultimate paragraph, and so on. The text is inserted to illustrate this pattern below.]
The tongue
19Where there are many words [spoken in anger], there is no lack of sin, but he who restrains (restrains, curbs) his lips is wise.20The tongue of the righteous is like chosen silver, but the understanding (inner man, heart, thoughts) of an evil (ungodly) man is worthless. 21The lips of the righteous guide many [to good pastures and clean water], but fools die for lack of understanding (wisdom, compassion).
The blessings of the fear of God
22The blessing of the Lord (Yahweh) makes a man rich, and that without sorrow (pain, hard work, suffering). 23A [reasonless] fool considers it a sport to devise (plan, invent) evil, but the wise find pleasure in [instead rejoice in and appreciate] wisdom. 24The wicked suffer from what they fear. [The consequences of their actions will eventually catch up with them.] On the other hand, the righteous have their wishes fulfilled (they get what they long for). 25When the storm passes, the wicked are swept away, but the righteous have a foundation that lasts forever.
Laziness
26Like vinegar to the teeth and smoke to the eyes, so is a lazy person to an employer who has sent him out.
The blessings of the fear of God
27Fearing (respecting, revering) the Lord (Yahweh) prolongs life (gives more days), but the years (lifespan) of the wicked are shortened. 28The hope of the righteous [for eternity with God and God's righteous judgment] brings joy, but the expectations of the wicked are not fulfilled. 29The ways of the Lord (Yahweh) are a refuge (a shelter, protection, defense, a secure fortress) for the honest (those who have integrity), but they are destruction (misfortune, terror) for sinners (those whose lifestyle is to plan and carry out evil). 30The righteous will never waver [when the world is shaken by turmoil], but the wicked will not remain in the land.
The tongue
31The mouth of the righteous [which is in harmony with God's word] bears wisdom as fruit [wise words, see Ps. 37:30], but a tongue of perverse speech is cut off [like a fruitless, dead, rotten tree]. 32The lips of the righteous know [and therefore say] what is pleasant (beautiful), but the mouth of the unrighteous knows only [and therefore speaks only] what is twisted (immoral).
What the Lord detests and delights in
[In the first and last verses of this passage (verse 20), the word abominable is used. It groups together twenty verses that deal with things that the Lord detests and delights in.]111A false balance is detestable (repulsive, abhorrent) to the Lord (Yahweh), but unmanipulated (accurate, complete, full) weights please him.2When pride (arrogance, haughtiness, insolence) comes [has arrived], then shame (disgrace, humiliation) comes, but with the humble there is [with the unassuming and modest there is] wisdom.3The integrity of the innocent guides them [forward on God's path], but the falsehood of the unfaithful leads to their downfall.4Riches do not help (are no security) in the day of wrath (judgment), but righteousness saves (removes; lifts you up) from death.5The righteousness of the innocent smoothes the way (makes it straight), but the sinner falls because of his own sin (wickedness, evil).6The righteousness of those who think and act morally (the honest) saves them, but the unfaithful are caught by their own greedy desires (lust; desire for evil).7When a guilty (criminal) person dies, his hopes [for the future] come to nothing, the evil he hoped for comes to nothing.8The righteous are saved from distress (need – Hebr. tsarah) [Prov 21:18], the wicked (evil, godless) suffer in their place.9With his mouth, the godless (hypocritical, pretentious) destroys (ruins, devastates) his neighbor, but through knowledge (insight, understanding) [of God's true word], the righteous are saved.10When the righteous prosper, the city rejoices, and when the sinner (the guilty, the criminal) perishes (is taken away), then there is a shout of joy.11The influence of the righteous blesses (builds up) a city, but the words (speech, advice, mouth) of sinners tear it down.12Those who lack sense belittle their neighbors (value their fellow countrymen less than is fair), while those who have insight (understanding) keep the peace (do not spread rumors).13Those who talk too much reveal secrets (what has been said in confidence), but those who are trustworthy (faithful in their hearts) keep a secret (a trust).14Without wise leadership (government), the nation falls (the people are defeated or desert), but many [good and wise] advisors provide security (safety, liberation).15He who enters into a guarantee (bails) for a loan to a stranger will surely suffer, but he who refuses (avoids) to shake hands (sign) is safe.16A generous (merciful, kind, friendly) woman wins honor (respect), but the reckless (violent) win [only material] riches.17A man who shows mercy (caring love) to himself does himself good (receives blessings), but he who is harsh [cruel to others] harms his own body. 18The gain of the wicked is deceitful (false, imaginary),
but those who sow righteousness reap a sure reward. 19True righteousness leads to life,
but he who strives for (constantly seeks after) evil does it to his own death.20Those who deliberately have a false (twisted) heart are detestable (repulsive, abhorrent) in the eyes of the Lord (Yahweh), but those who walk with integrity (blameless, without guilt) are his delight (pleasure).
Judgment and deliverance
21Be assured that the wicked will not go unpunished, but the children of the righteous will be delivered.22Like a gold ring in a pig's snout is the beauty of a woman without sense (judgment, discernment, stability).23What the righteous desire (hope for) is only good, but what the wicked (evil, sinful) can expect is wrath.
God's economy
24There are those who [generously] scatter (spread, sow), and [all the time] receive more and more, and there are those who withhold (stingy; save) more than is right (fair, appropriate) – which only leads to poverty (lack, destitution, hardship). [By giving of one's assets, everything is multiplied and satisfied as it is constantly replenished.]25Those who bless (a generous soul; a generous person) become successful (richly satisfied; also: anointed, see Ps. 23:5), and those who refresh others (quench others' thirst; generously water others), yes, he himself will be showered (watered; richly blessed with rain) [from above]. [The word "refreshed" (Hebr. ravah) refers to fulfilling the needs of others and quenching the thirst of others. "Showered" is the less common word jara in the original text, which can only be found here and in the book of Hosea, where it describes both physical autumn and spring rains that water the earth, see Hos 6:3, but is also used figuratively for God's righteousness that "rains" on Israel, see Hos. 10:12. Here in Proverbs, a difference in both proportion and direction is implied. God wants to compensate those who generously share a little water from their own well with others with abundant blessings from above, especially through the much-needed rainfall. The two subjects are translated as "it," even though "soul" in Hebrew is feminine and the original text says "he who refreshes." The verse contains spiritual principles that apply to all people.]26The people curse those who deliberately withhold their grain [when the people need food], but those who sell it are blessed [by both God and people].27He who diligently (assiduously, carefully; as a first priority) seeks what is good will receive [God's and people's] favor (approval, acceptance), but he who asks for (diligently seeks; demands; takes refuge in) evil will himself receive it [Prov 5:22; Ps. 7:17].28Those who trust in (put their hope in) riches will fall, but the righteous will flourish like a growing branch (blooming tree crown).29He who causes misfortune in his own family, his inheritance will be like the wind (emptiness, it is blown away), and the fool will serve (be a slave to) those who have wise hearts.30The fruit (result, profit) of the righteous is like a tree of life, and he who wins hearts is wise. [The Greek translation Septuagint has, instead of the synonymous parallel "wins hearts," a contrasting relationship: "but violence extinguishes life."]31Behold (look, pay close attention to this – Hebr. hen), if the righteous receive their reward already here on earth [all our actions have consequences, righteousness brings blessing, peace, and success, but missteps also have consequences], how much more so the wicked and the sinner. [This is the only verse in Proverbs that begins with the word "Behold." It gives extra focus and highlights that the verse has an important message. The word for reward (Hebr. shalem) comes from the word shalom and can be used in both a positive and negative sense. This means that the verse can be interpreted in two ways. The righteous are rewarded with peace and blessings already here on earth, but may also have to face the consequences of their missteps. Regardless of interpretation, the basic message is clear and is summarized in 1 Pet. 4:18: "If the righteous are scarcely saved, what will become of the unrighteous?" ]
Love knowledge and correction
121Those who love correction (reprimand, discipline) love knowledge (insight, understanding), but those who hate reproof are completely lacking in judgment (foolish, stupid).2A good person [who does not plan evil against his fellow man] receives (draws out/brings forth) mercy (favor, acceptance, appreciation) from the Lord (Yahweh), but those who make evil plans will be condemned.3No man can stand (be secure) by [doing] evil, but the righteous stand firm (are deeply rooted) and cannot be moved.4A skilled (efficient, alert, honest) wife (with a strong character and initiative) is her husband's crown, but a wife who causes shame (confusion, disorder) is like rot (decay) in his bones.
Thoughts and plans
5The thoughts (plans) of the righteous are honest (reliable), but the advice of the wicked (sinners, criminals) is only deceit (fraud).6The words of the wicked is like a deadly ambush, but the righteous are rescued (snatched away) [from the attack] by their mouth.7The wicked are overthrown (toppled, brought down), it is the end for them, but the house (dwelling, family) of the righteous remains.8A person is judged [by both God and people] according to their understanding [insight and ability to comprehend], but those who have a deliberately corrupt (twisted) heart are despised.
Show care for your servants, animals, and the land
9Better to have a low reputation (be despised, scorned by people) and have a servant, than to boast about one's status (and oneself) but not have food for the day.10The righteous take care of their animals (know and have compassion for them), but the wicked's "mercy" ("grace") is cruelty.11Those who cultivate their land have an abundance of food, but those who run after (seek, follow) emptiness (fantasize about easy money) lack understanding.12The wicked covet the spoils of evil men [unrighteous gains], but the righteous stand firm (deeply rooted) and bear [richer long-term] fruit.
The wise listen to advice
13The wicked are ensnared by their own sinful speech, but the righteous escape (find a way out of) trouble (anxiety, difficult situations).14A [righteous] person may rejoice (be glad) and partake of (be filled with) the results of their words, and the work of their hands will return to them [as a harvest of the good that has been sown].15The way of a fool is right in his own eyes, but the wise listen to advice.16A fool's anger (hot temper) is visible at once (literally: "the same day"), but the prudent (thoughtful, cautious) hides shame (disgrace). [The prudent are forgiving, do not get angry, and do not retaliate when they are wronged. The shame may refer to the harm and mistreatment caused by another person. Or it may be the shame that comes after someone has overreacted with a violent outburst of anger. See also Prov 20:22; 24:29; Matt. 18:15.]17Those who breathe faithfulness (speak the truth – Hebr. poachemonah) tell the truth, but false (Hebr. sheqer) testimony is lies and deceit. [Breathing faithfulness refers to a lifestyle of speaking the truth and being honest, cf. "breathing deceit" in Prov 14:5. See also about the truth that stands firm and the lie that wavers in Ps. 12.]18He who speaks first and thinks later (is quick to respond), his words cut (pierce, penetrate) like a sword, but the words of the wise are healing (medicine). 19Lips that speak truth stand firm forever, a tongue that lies is heard only for a moment.20Deceit is in the heart of those who plan evil, but those who work for peace [by mediating between parties] will find joy [in their hearts].21No evil [resulting from an ungodly lifestyle] can befall the righteous, but the ungodly will experience much misfortune (misery, sorrow, worry, anxiety, torment, sickness) [because they have consciously chosen to reject God].22Lying lips are detestable (abominable, loathsome) to the Lord (Yahweh), but those [people] who are righteous (faithful, who resist temptation) are his delight (pleasure).23A sensible (thoughtful, cautious, prudent) person does not boast of his knowledge, while the hearts of fools cry out (shout) their foolishness (stupidity, madness).24Those who are industrious (diligent) attain leading positions, while the lazy are forced to work hard (work as slaves for another master).25Worry (anxiety, fear) in a man's heart weighs it down [causes depression], but a good (encouraging, kind) word makes it glad.26The righteous guide their friends (neighbors) aright, but the way of the wicked leads [themselves and others] astray.27The lazy (deceiver) does not hunt his own prey and does not prepare it, unlike the hardworking (careful, truthful) who receives valuable assets (honor, precious diamonds). [He rejoices in them, preparing with a clear conscience the meat he himself has hunted so that it tastes good.]28On the path of righteousness [well-known beaten path] there is life, and on that path there is no death [but eternal life].
Walk with the wise
131A wise son accepts his father's correction (discipline, rebuke, adjustment), but a fool does not even listen to rebuke.2A [righteous] man may eat good fruit from his words, but the unfaithful (those whose lifestyle is to break their promises) hunger for violence (and must eat the evil they have spoken).3He who guards his mouth preserves his life (his soul), but for him who spreads his lips (talks widely and broadly) comes destruction (ruin, devastation, terror). [Prov 10:14, 19; 18:21]4The lazy person has a big appetite but owns nothing, the appetite of the hardworking person is richly satisfied.5The righteous hate false speech [false and deceitful words], but the wicked (evil) stink (Hebr. rajash) and dishonor [themselves and others]. [He who stinks spreads odour – i.e. distasteful rumours and scandals; the same word as in Ex. 7:18. The word is also encoded with six letters in between in Est. 3:11–12, which gives the phrase: "Haman and Satan stink". See also Ps. 14:3; Dan. 6:14; Rom. 3:13.]6Righteousness protects (guards, preserves) those whose way is perfect (whole, innocent – Hebr. tam), but wickedness (sin, injustice) [especially lying, see verse 5] brings down (overthrows, destroys, corrupts) the sinner. [The way a person lives is likened to a path. The Hebrew word tam has a rich meaning. Here it describes a wholehearted person of integrity who sticks to what is sound, right, and true. A person who walks steadfastly in honesty and integrity has no hidden motives. When words and actions do not agree, the foundation is undermined and causes one to fall into sin, see Prov 11:3, 5–6; James 3:2.]
The deceitfulness of wealth
7Some act as if they are rich but have nothing, others consider themselves poor but have great riches.8The rich may have to pay a ransom for their lives, but the poor do not even receive threats.9The light [spirit] of the righteous burns boldly (with joy), while the lamp [spirit] of the wicked will be extinguished.10Pride only creates strife (disputes, arguments, competition, quarrels), but wisdom is found in those who accept advice (are teachable). [They have a humble attitude, acknowledge that they do not know everything, and are willing to learn more.]11Wealth gained quickly (through vanity; without substance – Hebr. hevel) disappears (decreases; nothing remains), but those who gather little by little (work with their hands) will receive much [increase their wealth].
Fulfilled desire
12Hope (expectation) that is delayed makes the heart sick (sad, weak), but a fulfilled desire (longing) is a tree of life [revives and gives strength].13Those who despise the word [advice and teaching from God and people] will be destroyed (ruined), but those who fear (respect, value) the commandment (Hebr. mitzvah) will be rewarded.14The teaching (Hebr. Torah) of the wise is a source of life that makes it possible to avoid the traps of death.15Good sense (insight, understanding) brings favor (grace, understanding, good reputation, appreciation), but the way of the unfaithful (false, deceitful) is always difficult.16The thoughtful (sensible, wise) act with knowledge in everything, but a [reasonless] fool openly exposes his folly.17An ungodly messenger falls into misfortune, but a faithful ambassador brings healing.18Poverty and shame come to those who refuse to accept correction (teaching), but those who accept correction are honored.19When a desire is fulfilled, it is delightful (satisfying, gives a good feeling) to the soul, therefore it is very upsetting (difficult) for an [unreasonable] fool to abandon his wickedness [because his heart is set on doing evil].
Right company
20He who walks with (associates with and is intimate with; goes in the same direction as) the wise becomes wise himself [learns from the wise], but he who associates with fools will be harmed (become corrupt; suffer misfortune). [As a consequence of moving among fools, one becomes a fool oneself and suffers for one's choice.]21Misfortune follows (persecutes) sinners, but the righteous receive good things (happiness, success, wealth, abundance) as their reward.
A good inheritance
22A good man leaves an inheritance to his grandchildren, the sinner's riches are stored (hoarded in secret) for the righteous.23The uncultivated field of the poor yields abundant food, but without justice, it is swept away.24He who spares the rod hates his son, but he who loves him is careful to discipline him early (in his youth).25The righteous eat to their fill, but the wicked (sinners, criminals) have empty stomachs.
Wisdom and folly
141Every wise woman [continually] builds her house (home), but a foolish woman tears it down (destroys it) with her own hands.2Those who walk in righteousness fear (revere, respect) the Lord (Yahweh), but those who walk crooked paths (are morally corrupt; leave the right path) despise him.3Pride grows in the mouth of a fool [as quickly] as a plant shoots new shoots [the inflated words provide good nourishment for pride], but the wise are protected by their [humble] words.4Without oxen (beasts of burden – Hebr. alafim), the manger is sparkling clean (Hebr. bar), but a strong ox (Hebr. shor) yields a large harvest. [If you don't have oxen, you don't need to fill the feed trough as often (the smaller animals don't eat as much), but it is the ox that enables the farmer to bring in a good harvest. The point is that you have to make an investment (acquire and feed the oxen) in order to get a large return.]5An honest witness does not lie, but a false witness breathes out lies (untruths, illusions, delusions – Hebr. kazav) [lies as often and naturally as he breathes].6A fool (who mocks God) seeks wisdom but does not find it [his attitude prevents him], but knowledge comes easily to those who have understanding (insight, comprehension).7Keep your distance from a foolish (self-righteous) person, you will not hear anything sensible from that person.
Dont judge a book by its cover
8The wisdom of a sensible (thoughtful, cautious, careful) person makes her know where she is going, but the folly of fools leads them astray.9Fools mock (laugh at, ridicule) the guilty [confession of and atonement for a sin], but the righteous have God's favor (approval).10The heart knows best its own bitterness (unforgiveness, hardness), and no stranger can share its joy.11The houses of the wicked (permanent dwellings, families) will be destroyed, but the tents of the righteous (nomads' temporary tents, dwellings, families) will flourish.12There is a way that seems right to a man, but in the end it can lead to death [Prov 16:25].13Even in the midst of laughter, the heart may be sorrowful (ache), and the end of [such superficial] joy is sorrow (heaviness).
Weigh every word
14Those who have turned away from the right path in their hearts (those who are unreliable, who have left God) will pay for their choices [be satiated by the fruit of their own ways], whereas a good person will be rewarded for their decisions.15The foolish (unaware, foolish, unrestrained) believe every word they hear, but the wise look (consider, weigh, are aware of) where they are going.16The wise man fears [realizes the consequences of evil, suspects danger] and avoids evil, but [the unreasonable] fool is reckless (confident) and acts arrogantly.17The hot-tempered person acts foolishly, a man who has evil plans is hated.
Crowned with knowledge
18The foolish (reckless, unrestrained) inherit (accumulate) foolishness (foolishness), but the wise are crowned (honored) with knowledge (insight, understanding).19Evil must bow to good, and the wicked [stand begging and pleading] at the gates (door, city) of the righteous.20The poor are hated even by their own neighbors, but the rich have many [who want to be their] friends.21He who despises his neighbor sins [against God, his neighbor, and himself], but happy (blessed) is he who has mercy on (shows grace to; is kind to) the humble (oppressed, because of injustice). 22Is it not true that those who plan evil themselves go astray, but those who plan (think out) goodness are meet with mercy (caring love) and truth (faithfulness). [Mercy and truth (Hebr. chesed ve emet) are inseparably linked. They are always presented in the same order and are found in God's own testimony, see Ex. 34:6. Grace without truth becomes meaningless, while truth without grace becomes merciless.]23In all labor there is profit (merit), but empty talk only leads to poverty (need).24The crown (honor) of the wise is their wealth, while the folly of the self-confident fools is nothing but foolishness (unreasonableness, foolishness).25A witness who speaks the truth [in court] saves lives, while a false (manipulative) witness speaks lies [and puts the lives of the innocent in danger].26Those who fear (revere, respect, honor) the Lord (Yahweh) have great security (confidence, safety), their children have a place of refuge.27Fearing (revering, respecting, honoring) the Lord (Yahweh) is a source of life, it enables deadly traps to be avoided.
Justice exalts a people
28A king's honor (majesty, beauty) depends on how many subjects he has, if there is a shortage of people [in his service], it will be his downfall.29He who is slow to anger has great knowledge (insight, understanding), but he who is quick-tempered exposes his folly and makes it even more apparent.30A sound (healthy) mind (heart) gives life and health to the body, but envy (resentment, bitterness) is like rottenness (decay) in the bones.31Whoever oppresses the poor defies (insults) his Maker, but whoever is kind (shows mercy; gives favor; is good) to the vulnerable (the poor, those in need) honors him [God, who created all people].32The wicked are oppressed (driven away) because of their own wickedness, but the righteous have hope and are bold even unto death.33Wisdom dwells (rests without making itself known) in the heart of the one who has understanding (insight, comprehension), but in the inner being of fools, wisdom must constantly make itself known (reveal itself) [it is stifled in the fool].34Righteousness (spiritual and moral, in all areas and in all relationships) exalts a people (a nation), but sin degrades (belittles, diminishes, is a disgrace to) a tribe (Hebr. leom).35A servant with understanding gains the king's favor (approval, acceptance, appreciation), but his wrath comes upon those who shame him.
God sees everything
151A gentle (quiet) answer removes rage (fury), but a harsh (hurtful) word stirs up anger.2The tongue of the wise speaks knowledge in a right way, but the mouth of fools pours out folly.3The eyes of the Lord (Yahweh) are in every place, and they see both evil and good.4The tongue that speaks healing (restorative, edifying) words is a tree of life, but when it is deliberately false (distorting, twisted), it crushes the spirit [of both the listener and the speaker].5A fool despises his father's rebuke and punishment, but whoever accepts rebuke is wise. 6The home of the righteous has many treasures (great wealth), but the income of the wicked brings only misfortune (problems, anxiety, confusion, disorder).7The lips of the wise deliberately sift [their thoughts] and spread only knowledge, but this is not the case with the self-righteous fools who lack discernment in their hearts.8The [religious] sacrifices of the wicked are detestable (repulsive, disgusting) to the Lord (Yahweh), but the prayers of the righteous are his delight (satisfaction, happiness, pleasure).9The way of the wicked is detestable (repulsive, abhorrent) before the Lord (Yahweh), but he loves those who seek his righteousness.10For those who abandon God's path (well-known beaten path), severe punishment awaits, those who hate (refuse to accept) correction will die [physically, morally, and spiritually].11Sheol (the grave, the underworld—the place of the dead) and Abaddon (the abyss, the place of destruction) [Prov 27:20; Job 26:6; Rev 9:11] are both visible (open, obvious) before the Lord (Yahweh), how much more visible then are the hearts of men?
The heart is central
12A fool despises those who rebuke him, he does not go to the wise [to ask for advice].13A happy heart gives a cheerful expression, but heartache crushes (breaks down) the spirit.14The heart of the discerning seeks (asks for, demands) knowledge, but the mouth of [the self-righteous] fool leads (guides others to; enjoys, has an appetite for) folly (foolishness, madness, impatience). [Prov 10:21; 14:8]15For the afflicted (depressed, unhappy, poor), every day is evil (difficult, miserable), but those who are cheerful have a constant feast.16It is better to have little [a small material possession] and fear (revere, respect) the Lord (Yahweh), than great wealth with the confusion (tumult, unrest) that it brings [through the ungodly way it was acquired and managed]. [Prov 16:8; Ps. 37:16]17It is better to eat a simple salad in loving fellowship, than a fattened ox where there is hatred [between people and God].18A hot-tempered man causes strife (disputes, quarrels, conflicts), but he who is slow to anger (patient) calms (soothes, stifles) disputes (conflicts).19The path of the lazy is overgrown with thorns [wild rose bushes with thorns that prick, wound, and entangle], but the path of the righteous (well-known beaten path) is safe and well-marked.20A wise son makes his father glad, only a fool despises his mother.21Foolishness appeals to those who lack heart and understanding, but those who have understanding (insight, wisdom) go straight ahead.22Without deliberation (consultation, debate), things do not go as planned (plans become aimless and purposeless), but where people consult together (exchange experiences, ask advisors), plans are established (determined).23It is a joy to be able to give [a good, constructive, helpful] answer, and a word spoken at the right time (opportunity) is blessed. [Good advice at the right time blesses both the recipient and the giver.]24The wise walk upward [toward heaven] on the path of life (well-known beaten path), and in this way they avoid Sheol (the underworld – the place of the dead) below.25The Lord (Yahweh) destroys (uproots, annihilates) the house (family, life) of the proud, but he preserves the widow's boundaries (boundary lines).26Evil plans (thoughts) are detestable (repulsive, abhorrent) in the eyes of the Lord (Yahweh), but kind (gracious, beautiful) words are pure [before him].27Those who are greedy for unjust gain (through unfair methods or violence) bring misfortune (problems, unrest, confusion, disorder) into their own homes, but those who hate bribes shall live (not die a premature death, live in prosperity, live forever in heaven).28The righteous man's heart considers [Hebr. hagah – speaks in a low tone; i.e., has thought things through, is prepared] how he should respond, but the mouth of the wicked spews out evil.29The Lord (Yahweh) is far away (distant) from the wicked (sinners, criminals), but he hears the prayers of the righteous.30Eyes that radiate light [from a joyful, peaceful inner self] gladden the hearts [of other people], and good news nourishes the bones [gives inner strength].31The ear that listens to life-giving correction will remain among the wise.32Those who refuse to accept correction (chastisement, discipline) despise (dislike, distance themselves from) themselves, but those who allow themselves to be corrected (accept correction) grow in understanding (insight).33The fear (reverence, respect) of the Lord (Yahweh) is the way to wisdom (it nurtures and disciplines), and humility [submitting to the Lord] is the way to honor (exaltation, respect).
Everything has its time and place
161The plans of the heart belong to a person (is responsible to process and structure them), but the [wise] answer that the tongue [finally] gives comes from the Lord (Yahweh).2All a person's ways are pure (right) in their own eyes, but the Lord (Yahweh) tests (measures, weighs, judges) the spirit (inner thoughts, motives of the heart).3Commit (roll over) your works [entrust everything you do and want to do] to the Lord (Yahweh), and your plans (thoughts, purposes, goals) will succeed (stand firm; become thoroughly established). [Share your plans with the Lord and you will prosper!]4The Lord (Yahweh) works [to fulfill and contribute] everything for its own purpose (literally: 'to answer him'), even the wicked [fit the role] for the evil day.5Every person who is proud (arrogant) in their heart is detestable (repulsive, abhorrent) to the Lord (Yahweh), you can be sure that such people will not escape their punishment.6Through grace (caring love, faithfulness) and truth (reliability, steadfastness, stability) [to God and people—not through religious sacrifices], the punishment for sin is atoned for (covered), and by fearing (revering, respecting) the Lord (Yahweh) [by having a healthy fear of God] people avoid evil (danger). [Grace and truth (Hebr. chesed ve emet) are inseparable. They are always presented in the same order and are found in God's own testimony, see Ex. 34:6. Grace without truth becomes meaningless, while truth without grace becomes merciless.]7When a person's ways (way of life) please the Lord (Yahweh), he also causes his enemies to be reconciled (make peace) with him.8Better to have little with righteousness, than great wealth with turmoil (confusion, problems, unrest) [which comes because of the unrighteous way it was acquired and managed]. [Prov 15:16; Ps. 37:16]9The heart of man devises (plans) his way ["weaves together" and works out his way of life], but the Lord (Yahweh) directs (leads) his steps (in the singular: course of life, journey on earth). [Path here probably refers primarily to character and morality, see Prov 16:2, 7, 17, 25.]
Weigh your words carefully
10Divinely inspired decisions are on the lips of the king, therefore his mouth must be faithful when he judges.11A fair [unmanipulated] balance and accompanying weights come from the Lord (Yahweh), all weights in the bag are his work (originate from him).12A king who is evil is abominable (repulsive, disgusting) [to both people and God], the throne is established through righteousness [in all areas and in all relationships].13Righteous lips are a joy to kings, and they love those who speak what is right (true, straightforward, sincere).14The king's wrath is a messenger of death, but a wise man calms (appeases) it.15In the light of the king's presence there is life, and his favor (approval) is like a cloud that brings late rain (spring rain – Hebr. malqosh). [The last rain before the harvest that nourishes the fruit, unlike the autumn rain (Hebr. jore) that causes the seed to sprout.]
Humility and wisdom
16How much better it is to acquire wisdom than gold! Yes, rather than silver, choose to gain understanding (insight, comprehension).17The righteous man's highway(Hebr. mesilah) avoids evil, he who guards (protects) his way (Hebr. derech), preserves his life (his soul). [Two different Hebr. words for road are used here. The first describes a well-built main road where obstacles have been cleared away. It is an elevated road without stumbling blocks, see Isa. 40:3; 62:10. The second word for road (Hebr. derech) is more common and is often used to refer to life choices and personal paths.]18Pride goes before destruction, and an arrogant (haughty) spirit before a fall (misfortune).19Better to be among the poor and have a humble spirit, than to share spoils [from unjust gain] with the proud (haughty).20He who has insight into (pays attention to, acts wisely on) the word [God's word] finds good, he who trusts in the Lord (Yahweh) is blessed (happy, fortunate, enviable). [Hebrew davar can mean word, thing, or object. It is often used in reference to the word of the Lord (Ps. 33:4), which is the most likely meaning here. Another interpretation is that it refers to those who set their hearts on considering "their word," their affairs, weighing their ways, will find good. Trusting in God and doing what is right, even if it costs, will bring true happiness.]21Those who are wise in heart are called [have a reputation for being] prudent (thoughtful, insightful), a lovely tongue (good/kind lips) increases knowledge (receptivity, the ability to take in knowledge). [Both for the speaker and the listener.]22Common sense (knowledge, insight, understanding) is a source of life for those who possess it, but the foolish are punished by their own folly.23The heart of the wise teacheth his mouth [what to say], and his lips increase in knowledge (ability to teach, good speech).24Kind (gracious, gentle, beautiful) words are like a [flowing and sticky] honeycomb [Prov 15:26; Ps. 19:11] – sweet (a sweetness) for the soul and healthy (a healing) for the body [the bones of the body]. [Honey stands for something good and healthy and (together with milk) is a symbol of the blessed Promised Land, see Deut. 6:3.]25There is a way that seems right (lies straight ahead without obstacles) to a man, but it leads to death [Prov 14:12].26A worker's appetite (hunger) seems beneficial to him, the hunger of his own mouth urges him [to work].27An ungodly (evil) person digs up evil [gossips and looks for scandals in others], it is like burning fire on his lips.28A deceitful person sows (unleashes; gives free rein to) discord (division, disagreement), a gossip (rumor-monger, backbiter) separates [even close] friends. [Prov 6:14; 10:31; 17:9; 18:8; 26:20]29A violent man (cruel man) seduces (deceives) his friend (neighbor, brother) and leads him down an evil path.30He who deliberately wink his eyes (closes his eyes) plans evil, and he who closes his mouth [from speaking the truth] allows evil to work fully.31Gray hair is a crown of glory [it crowns an older person and inspires respect and reverence], if it comes from walking in the path of the righteous.32He who controls his temper is better than a warrior, and he who controls his [own] spirit is better than he who takes a whole city.33The lot is cast into the lap, but the decision comes from the Lord (Yahweh).
Good relationships are more important than wealth
171Better a dry crust [that can be eaten] in peace (tranquility, calm) than a house full of food but with strife.2A wise servant may rule over a son who causes shame (confusion, disorder), and he may share the inheritance with his brothers.3The crucible is for [refining] silver, and the furnace for [refining] gold, in the same way the Lord (Yahweh) tests (examines, tries) hearts. 4An evil man listens to (pays attention to) evil lips (empty talk), and a liar listens to a destructive tongue (destructive, indecent speech).5He who looks down on (ridicules, mocks, teases) the poor (Hebr. rosh) insults (offends) his Maker, he who is malicious (rejoices in the misfortune of others) will not escape punishment.6The crown (pride) of old men is their grandchildren, and the crown of children is their fathers.7Exaggerated (grand) speech is not fitting for a fool, and even more inappropriate are lying lips in a leader.8A gift (bribe) is like a shining diamond [literally "a stone that charms"] to the one who gives it, wherever he turns, it brings him success. [The verse can be interpreted positively that a gift appeases anger, see Prov 21:14. The word gift can also be translated as bribe, which is not accepted according to Jewish law, and then the verse is a sad commentary on human behavior, see verse 23.]9He who overlooks (forgives) a misstep (transgression) chooses (strives for; seeks; wants to promote) love, but he who dwells on what someone has said (done) separates friends [drives away a close friend]. [Prov 10:12]10A rebuke affects the wise more than a hundred blows to a fool.11The wicked one (the instigator of rebellion) seeks only rebellion [by deliberately violating what is right], [and so] a cruel messenger (angel) will be sent against him.12It is better to meet a bear separated from her cubs than to meet a [proud, arrogant] fool in his folly.13If someone repays good with evil, evil will not depart from his house.14Starting a quarrel (exchange of words, conflict) is like letting out water [breaching a dam], therefore stop the quarrel before the words flow unhindered.15He who justifies the sinner and he who condemns the righteous – both are equally detestable (repulsive, abhorrent) in the eyes of the Lord (Yahweh).16What good is money in the hand of a fool since he has no desire (longing, heart) to learn? [Wisdom cannot be bought, see Job 28:15–19; it comes by following God's way and revering the Lord, see Prov 1:28–33. A common source of conflict between friends is money, a theme that recurs in verse 18.]17A friend (neighbour – Hebr. rea) always loves (shows affection at all times) [is faithful, helpful, and self-sacrificing], a brother is there (born to help) in adversity (distress, hardship – Hebr. tsarah) [in difficult times]. [Here, "a brother" can also refer to someone who is close, regardless of blood ties, see Prov 18:24.]18A person who lacks understanding signs (gives his handshake), and [rashly] vouches for his friend (neighbour – Hebr. rea).19He who loves sin loves strife (disputes, arguments, competition, quarrels), he who builds high gates [as a facade to impress and appear better than he is] ensures his own downfall (race).20He who has a corrupt (false) heart will have no success (wealth, good), and he who has a corrupt (distorted, perverse) tongue will fall into misfortune.21The parent who has a [wicked] fool for a child will have sorrow, a father of an [ill-mannered] fool has no joy.22A cheerful heart (soul) is like good medicine, but a wounded (broken) spirit sucks the marrow from the bones (dries out and weakens the whole body).23The wicked (sinner, criminal) takes bribes under the table (in secret) to distort the paths of justice (well-known beaten paths).24A man of understanding keeps God's wisdom before his eyes (focuses on it), while a fool's eyes wander [roam] over everything on earth [except wisdom].25A self-righteous, foolish son is a sorrow to his father and bitter sorrow to the woman who bore him.26It is not right to punish the righteous, and it is also wrong to strike (kill) people of high moral character for their honesty (conviction, morality, justice).
To be silent...
27He who has knowledge (wisdom) is sparing with his words [James 1:19], and a man of insight (understanding) has a precious (valuable, highly esteemed) spirit.28Even a [chattering] fool (Hebr. evil) can be taken for wise if he keeps quiet, one who closes his lips may seem sharp (keen-witted; discerning).
Words can kill and words can give life
181He who deliberately isolates (separates) himself [from God and people], gives in to his own desires, and goes against all wisdom (sensibility, prudence).2An [unreasonable] fool has no desire for understanding (finds no joy in seeking insight and wisdom), he only wants to express his own opinions.3When a wicked person comes [into a discussion, or into the depths of his wickedness], contempt [for all that is honorable and right] follows, and with shame comes disgrace. [Prov 11:2]4The words in a person's mouth are like deep waters [can be difficult to understand, but a wise man takes pains to draw them up, see Prov 20:5], the source of [God's] wisdom is like a flowing stream [pure and life-giving].
Evil lips
5It is detestable to take the side of the guilty (favoring and exalting him in court), and thus take away the rights of the innocent (righteous).6A fool's lips bring [an unreasonable fool walks right into] strife (disputes, quarrels) – yes, his mouth cries out for blows (begs for a beating). 7A fool's mouth is his downfall, his lips are a snare (trap) for his soul (life, feelings, mind, will).8The words of a whisperer (gossip, rumor-monger) is like a tidbit that is devoured greedily (hastily), it enters the innermost parts of the body. [Prov 26:22]
Security
9He who is lazy in his work (deliberately neglects it and does not even try), is the brother of the destroyer (vandalizes, breaks down, kills). [Just letting go leads to ruin.]10The name of the Lord (Yahweh) is a strong tower; the righteous run (rush) there and are protected [high above danger]. [Prov 29:25]11The rich man's wealth is his mighty (well-fortified) castle, in his own imagination (pride, arrogance, haughtiness) it [his wealth] is a high wall.12Pride (arrogance, haughtiness) in a man's heart precedes a fall (crash, degradation), humility (modesty, a heart that can submit to God and man) is the way to honor (exaltation, respect).13He who answers before he hears all the facts is foolish and will be ashamed.14The spirit of man strengthens (sustains, nourishes) him during physical illness (pain, problems), but a weak and broken spirit—who can bear it? [During physical illness, there is hope and longing to get better, but during depression, the will to live is broken.]15The heart of the discerning (sensible) acquires (gathers, increases its) knowledge, and attentive ears always seek (listen, desire, ask) knowledge.16Gifts open the way and lead a person before influential (great) men.17The one who first presents his case seems to be right, until his opponent questions him.18Casting lots puts an end to disputes (arguments, rivalry), and separates disagreeing, powerful (influential) men.19A brother who has been insulted (offended, humiliated, hurt) is like a strong (fortified) city [unshakeable and difficult to win back], and disputes (arguments, claims) are like a bar (crossbar, bolt) on [the gate of] a fortress (castle; a tower).
The power of words
20From the fruit of her mouth, a person's stomach is filled (satisfied), from the harvest (yield) of her lips [both good and evil], she is filled (satisfied). 21The tongue has power over life and death, those who love [to use] it will [also] eat its fruit. [Verses 20 and 21 belong together. Fruit speaks of consequences, see Matt. 7:17. With our tongue we shape our speech and our confession, see Prov 15:3–4; Matt. 12:35; Rom. 10:9; James 3:2–12.]22He who finds (meets, gets to know) a good wife has gained something good, and has won the blessing of the Lord (Yahweh) (received a favor from God).23The poor man speaks pleadingly (asks for mercy), the rich man responds with harsh (aggressive, sarcastic, rude) [words].24A man with [many] acquaintances [one who tries to be friends with the whole world] becomes divided (broken), but there is [a trule, loving] friend who [is reliable and] sticks closer than a brother. [The circle of friends, i.e. those who belong to the "acquaintances" (Hebr. reaim; in the plural) is compared here with a true friend (masculine singular). In the second stanza, Hebrew literally has the verb for to love (ahav), i.e. someone who loves or has love, but here it is translated more as a verbal noun (love requires someone to love). The friend who always loves is Jesus, see John 15:14–15.]
Truth stands the test of time
191Better to be poor and honest (have integrity) than to lie (have a corrupt, twisted tongue) and be an [unreasonable] fool. 2It is dangerous to have a strong desire (passion, zeal) without knowledge, those who rush ahead make bad choices (miss the mark, sin).3It is a person's own foolishness that destroys her ways (causes her to fall), yet he still becomes frustrated (angry) with the Lord (Yahweh) in her heart.4Wealth brings many friends (acquaintances – Hebr. rea), but the poor is separated from his neighbor (Hebr. rea).5A false witness will not go unpunished, and those who breathe out lies will not escape [punishment].6Many ask for favors from (will stroke the face of) a benefactor (generous man), everyone is friends with a generous person.7A poor man's relatives hate him, and his close friends (Hebr. merea) avoid him. He searches intensely for them with [empty] promises, but they are gone.8He who acquires wisdom (literally "heart," good judgment, ability to feel) loves his own life, he who preserves discernment (insight) achieves success (happiness).9A false witness will not go unpunished, those who breathe out lies will perish.10It is not fitting for a [malicious] fool to live in luxury, much less for a servant to rule over kings (princes, leaders). 11A person with good judgment is slow to anger, it is his honor to overlook an injustice (let it pass).12A king's anger is [as terrifying] as a lion's roar, but his favor (approval) is [as life-giving and refreshing] as dew on the grass.
A wise wife comes from the Lord
13A foolish [self-righteous] son is his father's ruin, a quarrelsome wife is like a constant dripping from the roof.14Houses and riches come as an inheritance from parents, but an understanding (insightful, gentle, successful, capable) wife comes from the Lord (Yahweh).15Laziness causes a person to fall into a deep sleep, the sluggish (who is inactive and takes no initiative) will go hungry.16He who keeps the commandments [of God and man] will preserve his life, but he who does not care how he lives will die prematurely.17He who treats the needy with mercy (favor, undeserved love – Hebr. chanan) [he who bends down and helps the poor] lends to (braids/twines himself together with) the Lord (Yahweh) and he rewards him with security [Hebr. shalem – i.e., he receives peace of mind and all his needs are met]. [The verb to lend (Hebr. lava) begins the verse and literally means "to twist together/braid together." The emphasis here is on the one who does the Lord's bidding to help someone who has fallen into trouble (usually of a financial nature). Hebr. dal (distressed, helpless, weak) literally means minus/subtraction and describes something that has been lost. The Hebrew can be interpreted to mean that both the afflicted and the one who lends to the Lord are fully repaid by him.]18Discipline your son while there is still hope; do not let your reluctance (hesitation) [to speak up] lead to his death.19A man with great anger must be punished; if you acquit him [of the consequences of his outbursts of anger], you must save him again and again.20Listen to advice and accept correction (discipline, training), so that you may become wise in the end [literally: at your end—i.e., in the future when you grow old].21Many plans (an abundance of grand ideas) a man has in his heart, but [only] the Lord's (Yahweh's) counsel (purpose, plan, will) stands [will be accomplished, reach its goal]. [Ps. 33:10–11; Prov 16:1–3, 9; Isa. 46:10; Jer. 10:23]22What is desirable in man is goodness (grace, caring love, faithfulness – Hebr. chesed), and a poor man [who is honest] is better than a [rich] liar.23Fearing (revering, respecting, honoring) the Lord (Yahweh) leads to life, those who do so rest satisfied (content, have abundance) and avoid evil.24The lazy person hides (buries) [puts down and keeps] his hand in a dish, but is unable to bring it back to his mouth. [Prov 26:15]25Punish a fool, and the ignorant (unaware, foolish, unrestrained) will learn to act wisely. Rebuke a man with understanding, and his knowledge (insight) will increase.26A son who is violent toward his father and drives away his mother, he brings shame [upon his parents] and brings disgrace (curse) upon himself.27My son (child, friend), if you do not listen to correction, you will wander (like a drunkard) away from knowledge.28An ungodly witness mocks justice, and the sinner's (the ungodly, criminal's) mouth greedily swallows evil.29Judgment awaits (is for) those who mock (despise God), and [the rod] blows for the backs of fools.
201Wine is a blasphemer—strong drinks make noise (are loud), and those who allow themselves to be led astray (stagger, become drunk) by alcohol are not wise. ["Wine is a blasphemer" – those who are influenced by it ridicule, mock, mock, speak disparagingly about a thing or a person. Under the influence of alcohol, people become unwise and many mistakes are made. See also Prov 23:29–35.]
Patience pays off
2The terror that an [angry, furious] king instills can be likened to the roar of a lion; those who cause his anger sin against their own lives (put their lives at risk).3It is an honor for a man to avoid quarrels (strife, verbal disputes, disputes), while a fool seeks strife (explodes in anger, starts quarrels).4The lazy man does not plow in the fall [does not prepare the soil for sowing], so when harvest time comes, he begs, he seeks but finds no harvest.
Honesty in everything
5The plans (the decision-making process itself) in a person's heart are like deep waters, a sensible person draws them up [from the source within himself].6Many people proclaim how gracious they are (claim to have loving care – Hebr. chesed), but a faithful (reliable) person – who can find such a one?7The righteous walk (live their lives) with integrity (honesty, steadfastness, uprightness) – blessed are [how happy and enviable are] his children [when they follow] his example!8The king (leader) who sits on the judgment seat sifts out all evil with his gaze [keeps an eye on those he is responsible for]. 9Who can say: "I have kept my heart pure (all my decisions and motives have been blameless), I am free from my sin?"10Different weights and different measures [one for selling and another for buying], both are detestable (repulsive, abhorrent) in the eyes of the Lord (Yahweh). [The Lord takes dishonesty in business seriously.]11Even the young man (a young man – Hebr. naar) shows his character through his actions, whether they are pure and honest [or false].12The ear that hears and the eye that sees. The Lord (Yahweh) has given us both.13Do not love sleep, for then you will become poor. Open your eyes [wake up from your slumber] and you will have food in abundance.14"Rubbish, just rubbish," says the buyer [to the seller], but when he leaves, he boasts smugly [about his find].15One may possess gold and many jewels (pearls), but lips that have knowledge (insight, understanding) are the most precious treasure (possession) one can have.[The judge says to the creditor:] 16Take the clothes (cloak) from the one who has vouched for a stranger, pawn what he has, for he is the security for an unknown (a strange woman). [He who is foolish and takes responsibility for the debts of a stranger, whose reliability is unknown, or of an adulterer, whose unreliability is known, becomes responsible even if it costs him his cloak as collateral.]17Stolen bread tastes sweet at first, but it won't be long before your mouth is full of gravel.18Plans (goals, guidelines) are formed under the guidance of others; do not wage war without deliberation (do not go to war without wise leadership).19A talebearer goes about, revealing secrets, therefore do not confide in people who talk out of turn.20Anyone who curses their father or mother, their lamp (spirit, life) will be extinguished in the deepest darkness (literally "in the apple of the eye of darkness," in the darkest part of the pupil, completely surrounded by darkness).21An inheritance that [through greed and unfair treatment of co-heirs] has quickly made someone rich will ultimately be without God's blessing.22Do not say, "I will repay evil!" Wait for the Lord (Yahweh) [seek the Lord with eager anticipation]—he will save you. [Deut. 32:35; Rom. 12:17–21]23Double weights are detestable (repulsive, abhorrent) in the eyes of the Lord (Yahweh), and false scales are not pleasing to him (are evil).24Every step a man (warrior) [a man in his prime] takes comes from (originates from) the Lord (Yahweh), so how can anyone understand his own way?25It is dangerous to promise a gift (sacred service) too quickly, without first calculating the cost and considering the consequences of the decision.26A wise leader (king) identifies and removes the wicked [people from positions of influence], and lets the threshing wheel pass over them. [During threshing, the chaff is separated from the wheat, the dry and dead husks without substance are removed.]27The spirit in man is the lamp of the Lord (Yahweh) that searches every part of our inner being.28Mercy (caring love, faithfulness) and truth (reliability, steadfastness, stability) preserve a king, his throne is upheld by mercy (caring love, faithfulness). [Mercy and truth (Hebr. chesed ve emet) are inseparable. They are always presented in the same order and are found in God's own testimony, see Ex. 34:6. Mercy without truth becomes futile, while truth without mercy becomes merciless.]29The pride of young people is their strength, the honor (ornament) of the elderly is their gray hair [which stands for wisdom and experience].30Blood cleanses a wound [from the inside out], and rebuke reaches our innermost being [cleansing us from within].
God sees our motives
211The king's heart is like streams of water in the hand of the Lord (Yahweh), he lets it flow wherever he wants. [The image is from irrigation systems with canals that are still common in the Middle East today. Just as the gardener controls the flow of water to different parts, God can control the decisions of leaders.]2Every way (all decisions) of a man is right in his own eyes, but the Lord (Yahweh) tests (weighs) the heart. [People justify their actions, but God sees their underlying motives and intentions, see also Prov 16:2.]3Acting in righteousness and justice [living right and judging fairly] is more valuable to the Lord (Yahweh) than sacrifices. [The Lord prefers a life of sacrificial love before him and among people, rather than outwardly dutiful actions, see 1 Sam. 15:22; Prov 15:8; Ps. 40:7–8; Isa. 1:11–17.]4Proud eyes (when one considers oneself superior) and a haughty (arrogant) heart characterize evil people, but even the plowing of the wicked is sin. [The word plow can also be translated as "lamp," but regardless, the message of the verse is clear: the entire life of the wicked, both work and pleasures, is sin in the eyes of God.]5The plans of the diligent (the sharp, one who acts decisively) brings profit in the long run (gives lasting abundance), while hastiness (rash action) only leads to loss.6Wealth acquired through a lying (false) tongue [lies and immoral methods] is like steam [which quickly evaporates and disappears] and is driven here and there [by the wind], they seek [in fact, not riches but] death.7The violence (destruction, harm) of the wicked will come back upon themselves, because they refuse to act righteously.8For the dishonest, the path is crooked (difficult), but the work (actions, income from work) of the righteous is like a straight path (right). 9It is better to live in a corner of [the flat] roof than to share a house (family) with a quarrelsome (combative, hot-tempered) woman. [It was not uncommon to build a guest room on the flat roof; this is probably what is meant here, see 2 Kings 4:10.]10Wicked people long for (desire) evil, they have no compassion (show no mercy) for other people (friends, neighbors).11When the arrogant (boastful) are punished, the foolish (a naive person who has been misled) see this and become wise, but people with [God's] wisdom learn by receiving instruction. [The contrast in this verse is between the foolish and the wise. The arrogant person does not change, but when he is rebuked, the foolish person sees this and gains wisdom. However, it is best to have an open heart and receive instruction and become wise that way.]12The righteous study the houses (families) of the wicked, how the lives of the wicked [without God's protection] are turned upside down.13He who chooses not to hear (closes his ear to) the cry of the poor, will himself cry out without receiving an answer.14A gift from an anonymous donor calms an irritated person, a present (reward) given in secret appeases the strongest rage (fury).15When truth prevails, the righteous rejoice, but it is the terror of the wicked.16Those who stray from the right path end up in the company of the shadows (the dead – Hebr. rafaim).17Those who love pleasure (satisfaction, happy days) become poor, those who love wine (alcohol) and oil [symbols of prosperity and success] will never become rich.18The wicked become a ransom for the righteous, and the ungodly take the place of the righteous [because the evil they plan against the good befalls them].19Better to live in the wilderness than to live with a nagging (quarrelsome, combative, hot-tempered) woman.20There are precious treasures and oil [symbol of prosperity and success] in the house (home) of the wise, but a self-satisfied fool quickly squanders his assets (wastes them).21Those who strive (follow, pursue) for righteousness and mercy (caring love – Hebr. chesed) find life, righteousness, and honor. [Matt. 10:39][The counterpart to this verse, but also its opposite, is found in Prov 11:27. Honor and life recur in Prov 22:4.]22A wise man can storm a mighty city (a city full of warriors) and break down the stronghold that the city's inhabitants have trusted in. [Wisdom can literally break down strongholds, but also mental constructs.]23He who guards his mouth and tongue [thinks before he speaks] preserves his soul from distress (avoids many worries).24A blasphemer is an arrogant and haughty person who acts with excessive pride in everything he does.25A lazy person will eventually die of hunger, because his hands refuse to work. 26He constantly longs for (desires) what is not his, while the righteous give generously without holding back.27The sacrifices [religious outward acts] of the wicked are abominable (repulsive, disgusting) [before God], how much worse then when they are also offered with evil intentions.28A false (untrue, dishonest, lying) testimony is destroyed (becomes nothing, disappears), but the person who listens [attentively] will always speak [when called to testify].29An ungodly person must put on an outward facade of strength, while the righteous person plans (understands) his ways [with inner security and confidence].30There is no human wisdom, knowledge, or guidance that can compare to the wisdom of the Lord (Yahweh).31The warhorse may be ready on the day of battle, but deliverance (victory) comes from the Lord (Yahweh).
Your reputation is worth more than wealth
[Verse 1 is a prologue to verses 2-5. There is a chiastic structure here where "being chosen" (from the Hebrew verb bachar – "to choose") is linked to the last word, good (Hebr. tóv). Central to this is wealth, silver, and gold. In Hebrew culture, a person's name was synonymous with their character, reputation, and position in society, see also Job 30:8; Eccles. 7:2; Prov 3:13–15; 10:7; 16:16.]221Choosing a name [a good character and a good reputation, see Eccles. 7:1] is better [more desirable] than great wealth – better than silver and gold is [choosing] lovely favor (undeserved love, good favor).2The rich and the poor have this in common: the Lord (Yahweh) created them both. 3The wise see danger in advance and take shelter, but the foolish go straight ahead and receive their punishment .4The consequence (result) of humility (meekness, gentleness) [when it has blossomed to its fullest] is the fear of the Lord (to revere and respect Yahweh) – [it also brings] wealth (abundant prosperity) and honor (glory) and [eternal] life. [Prov 21:21][The verse has seven nouns. First is the Hebr. eqev, which means consequence/result, i.e., "something that leads to." The word literally means health and shares its root with the name Jacob (Hebr. Jaaqov). It often describes something that "follows in the footsteps," but can also be translated as "because" (Gen. 22:18) or "reward/result" (Psalm 19:12). Humbling oneself before God both presupposes and gives a healthy fear of God—humility is reverence for the Lord (Yahweh). Riches and honor are in the singular. Hebr. kavod describes the weight of glory and honor that was present in God's presence in the Holy of Holies in the tabernacle and temple. The last Hebrew word, chajim, which means life, is always in the plural and describes life in its fullest measure and therefore also includes eternal life, see Ex. 2:7.]5Thorns and snares (traps) are found along the path of the obstinate (the false, the stubborn), those who value their lives keep their distance from such people.6Train (initiate, instruct, educate) the young man (teenager – Hebr. naar) with your mouth [i.e., through conversation] about his [individual] choices [discuss with the young person the importance of good habits and walking in God's "narrow" ways] so that he will not stray from it (the good way) when he is old (adult, elderly). [The word for youth (Hebr. naar) can refer to a small child (1 Sam. 1:24), but the usual meaning is a youth aged 14-17, see Gen. 22:12; 37:2; 34:19. The word comes from a root meaning "to shake free" and describes the teenage years when a child becomes an individual. The word for nurture, accustom, and train is unusual and is also used to refer to the dedication of a house, see Deut. 20:5; 1 Kings 8:63. Here, the meaning is to initiate the young person early into what God has initiated and prepared for him. Way (Hebr. derech) is in the singular, which also indicates showing the young person his own unique path in life. The beginning of the verse can also be translated: "Make the way narrow for the young man." This nuance adds another layer of meaning, considering Jesus' teaching about the broad path to destruction and the narrow path that leads to life, see Matt. 7:14.]7The rich rule over the poor, and the borrower is slave to the lender.8He who sows injustice (sin, evil) will reap sorrow (problems, trouble), and the power he exercised over others through his anger will come to an end. [Literally, "his rod of anger is over," i.e., the influence he had over other people who feared his volatile temper is now at an end. The Greek translation Septuagint also has a continuation with another proverb that Paul quotes in 2 Cor. 9:7: "God blesses a cheerful and generous man, but puts an end to the emptiness of his deeds."]9Those who are generous are blessed (exalted), because they share their bread (food, possessions) with the poor.10Drive out the troublemaker and there will be peace, yes, then the quarrels and insults (the abuse, mockery, bullying) will cease.11Those who love purity of heart (have a pure heart, good intentions) speak graciously (undeserved kindness, kind words – Hebr. chen) and have the king as their friend.12The eyes of the Lord (Yahweh) protect [those who have] knowledge (insight, understanding), but he overturns the words of the unfaithful (the deceiver).13The lazy man says, "There is a lion out there! I will be killed if I go out into the street." [The lazy man makes excuses to avoid work.]14The mouth of a prostitute is like a deep pit [used to catch wild animals]. The Lord (Yahweh) is angry with those who fall into it. [Those who fight against God lose his protection and fall victim to flattering words.]15Foolishness (the desire to defy and rebel) is bound up in the heart of a young man (teenager), but rebuke and discipline (upbringing) drive it away. [Rebelliousness is a consequence of the Fall, and therefore comes naturally to children.]16Those who exploit the poor to enrich themselves, and those who give to the rich [to curry favor with them], both will surely become poor (suffer loss).
THIRD COLLECTION: 30 wise counsels (22:17-24:22)
17Listen carefully to the words of the wise, and take my knowledge to heart. 18You will appreciate its sweetness (pleasantness, like wonderful song and beautiful music) if you keep them deep within you and have them ready (firmly anchored) on your lips. 19So that your trust (faith, hope, confidence, trust) may be in the Lord (Yahweh), that is why I am teaching you today. 20I have written 30 points (rules) to give advice (plans, strategies) and knowledge (insight, discernment). 21These enable you to know with absolute certainty (accuracy) what the reliable words of truth are, so that you can respond with words of truth to those who are sent to you [or to whom you are sent].
1. Do not take money from the poor
22Do not rob the poor just because he is poor, and do not use your position to oppress the weak in the gate [where the city court was held]. 23The Lord (Yahweh) pleads their cause (is their defender) and takes away the life of those who plunder [the poor].
2. Do not associate with easily provoked people
24Do not associate (befriend) with angry (quick-tempered) people, do not walk [have nothing to do] with a hot-tempered person. 25If you do, you may learn (follow) his ways (well-trodden paths) and set a trap for yourself.
3. Do not be a guarantor for those who already have debts
26Do not be among those who shake hands and act as guarantors for loans [and jeopardize your family’s future]. [Prov 6:1] 27For if you do not have the means to pay, they [the debt collectors] will even take away the bed you lie on.
4. Do not move boundary lines
28Do not move the boundary stones that your ancestors have set up. [Prov 23:10]
5. Observe and learn
29Observe a man who is skilled in his work. He will stand before (serve, work for) kings, he will not stand before (serve, work for) dubious (low, insignificant) men.
6. Behave at a fine dinner
231When you are invited to dinner by a ruler [an influential person], consider how you behave. 2Put a knife to your throat (Hebr. nefesh), if you have a big appetite [and control yourself]. 3Do not covet his delicacies (tasty dishes – Hebr. matam), there may be hidden motives [for you being invited].
7. Do not put all your energy into chasing wealth
4Do not exhaust yourself to become rich, do not rely on your own [human, limited] understanding (insight). 5If you only fix your gaze on (focus on) material wealth, it will suddenly be gone. It has grown wings and flies away like an eagle toward the sky.
8. Do not be deceived by flattering words
6Do not eat the food of the envious (the harsh, the jealous), do not crave his delicacies (tasty dishes). 7For as he thinks in his heart, so is he. Calculatingly he says to you, help yourself, but he does not mean a word of what he says. 8The little you have eaten you will vomit up, and your sweet (kind) words (Hebr. davar) [compliments] are wasted (spent).
9. It is impossible to correct a self-righteous fool
9Do not bother to reason with a fool [literally, "do not speak in his ears," i.e., in an attempt to get his full attention], he despises (mocks) your wise (insightful) talk (reasoning – Hebr. milah).
10. The poor have a star lawyer
10Do not move ancient (ancient) plot markers (boundary lines) [Prov 22:28] and do not encroach on the fields of the fatherless (widows, orphans). 11Their Redeemer (defender – Hebr. gaal) is powerful; He [God Himself] will plead their case against you.
11. Accept advice and criticism
12Open your heart (mind) to instruction, and open your ears to the words of knowledge. [Be open and receptive to criticism, and listen carefully to wise words.]
12. Do not be afraid to rebuke your children
13Do not withhold correction (discipline) from a young person (teenager – hebr. naar); if you punish [disobedience] with the rod (corporal punishment), he will not die [he will not suffer physical harm]. 14If you strike him with the rod [allow disobedience to have consequences] you will save him from Sheol (the underworld – the place of the dead).
13. When children embrace wisdom, it brings joy to their parents
15My child, if your heart (soul, mind) is filled with wisdom, then my heart will also be filled with joy. 16My heart will rejoice when your lips speak what is right.
14. Do not envy sinners
17Do not let your heart envy sinners, but continue to fear the Lord (Yahweh) daily in reverent worship. 18There is a future [for you], your hope will not (never) be cut off (taken away from you).
15. Warning against drunkenness and gluttony
19Listen, you [singular] my son [the pronoun "you" reinforces and makes the address even more personal]—and become wise, and let your heart be guided on the right path [Hebr. derech—your own personal path through life]. 20Do not associate with alcoholics or with those who revel in meat [do not participate in their feasts]. 21Alcoholics and gluttons become poor, sloth [the result of only eating and drinking] clothes a man in rags.
16. Respect your parents
22Listen to your father, who gave you life, and do not despise (look down on) your mother when she is old. 23Acquire truth and do not sell it, also acquire wisdom, discipline, and good judgment (insight, understanding). 24The father of the righteous will greatly rejoice (Hebr. gillgill) [in dancing and singing]. He who fathers a wise child will have his joy (pleasure, delight) in him. 25Let your father and mother rejoice, and she who bore you be happy (rejoice in joy and dance). [In this section, "father" is mentioned three times and "mother" twice. The word joled is also used three times to refer to the one who gave birth to you. In verse 22, it is used to refer to "your father," and in verse 25, it is in the feminine form and refers to "your mother." Central to verse 24 is "the one who gives birth," which nicely refers to both parents and may also allude to God as the giver of life, see Gen. 2:7; Job 33:4; 1 Tim. 6:13.]
17. Be vigilant, many have fallen in the area of sexuality
26My child, give me your full attention, take me as your role model. 27A prostitute is like a deep pit, and a strange (promiscuous, forbidden) woman is a narrow well. 28She lies in wait to catch her prey, luring more and more into unfaithfulness.
18. Alcohol is deceitful
29Who has misery (misfortune, wretchedness)? Who has sorrow (anxiety and feels hopelessness)? Who has constant quarrels (nagging, grumbling, arguments) [around them]? Who laments all the time (speaks emptiness and nonsense)? Who is beaten for no reason (gets wounds and marks)? Who has blurred vision (bloodshot eyes)? 30Yes, it is those who sit long at the wine, those who try (examine, test) different types of wine. 31Do not look at the wine when it is red, when it sparkles in the wine glass, when it flows easily. [Do not judge the wine by its vintage, brand, or taste, but by its effect:] 32In the end, it bites like a snake, yes, it strikes like a poisonous snake. 33You see strange [things] and your heart (mind) speaks perversely (confused and corrupt). [All under the influence of alcohol] 34Yes, you become [as unsteady] as one floating on the sea and [as vulnerable to disaster] as one lying on top of a mast. 35You say, "They beat me, but I was not hurt, they abused me, but I felt nothing. When will I wake up, so I can drink again [to escape reality]."
19. Do not envy evil people
241Do not envy evil people, do not long to be with them. 2Their hearts ponder (mutter, speak in a low voice; i.e., plan—Hebr. hagah) destruction (acts of violence), and their lips speak misfortune (maliciously). [Prov 15:28]
20. Build your house with wisdom
3It takes skill and wisdom to build a house (home, family), and it takes understanding (insight, ability to comprehend) to build it on a good foundation. 4Through knowledge (wisdom, discernment), every room is furnished with valuable and beautiful (lovely, pleasing to the eye) riches.
21. Wisdom makes you strong
5A wise man (warrior) [a man in his prime] is strong, yes, a man with knowledge (insight, understanding) grows in strength. 6Without wise counsel (without a plan and a strategy), you cannot wage war, and with many advisors, there will be victory (security, safety, liberation).
22. Wisdom always triumphs over foolishness
7Wisdom is unattainable for a fool, he becomes speechless at the gate [where justice was administered and ethics and morals were discussed].
23. Do not plan evil
8Those who devise evil plans soon gain a reputation for being wicked. 9To devise evil plans (plan foolishness) is a sin; those who blaspheme (speak disparagingly of everything and everyone) will ultimately be despised by all people.
24. Trials reveal your strength
10If you lose heart (become silent, withdraw) in the day of distress [when you are pressed and encounter difficulties] then your strength is weak. [Then your strength was not so great to begin with. Adversity tests strength; it reveals how strong a person really is, see James 1:2.]
25. Rescue those who are perishing
11Rescue (pull away) those who are being dragged away to death, rescue those who are being led away to slaughter. 12Do not say, "Look, we knew nothing." Do you think that he who sees into your heart will accept that excuse? He who preserves your life, does he not know everything? Will he not compensate (reward, pay) [you and] each one according to his deeds?
26. Wisdom is like honey to the soul
13My son, eat honey, for it is good, and honey from the comb melts in your mouth. 14In the same way, you should know that wisdom is sweet to your soul (your life), if you take it to heart, there is a future for you, and what you hope for (long for) is not in vain (will not be cut off).
27. The righteous man gets through difficulties and never gives up
15Do not lie in wait at the home of the righteous, as the wicked do. Do not try to destroy the dwelling of the righteous (bring it down). 16For even if a righteous man should fall seven times (should encounter many problems and setbacks), he will rise again, but the wicked fall helplessly when they encounter difficulties. [Ps. 37:24]
28. Do not rejoice when your enemy falls
17Do not rejoice when your enemy falls, do not let your heart rejoice (revel in dancing) when he stumbles (suffers defeat). 18The Lord (Yahweh) sees what you do, and it is evil in his eyes (it causes him grief and pain), and he turns his wrath from him [and directs it at you, who commit an even worse crime through your mockery].
29. The wicked have no future
19Do not be irritated (provoked, grieved) by evil people, do not be jealous of the wicked.20For those who are evil have no future, the lamp (spirit of life) of the wicked shall be extinguished.
30. Fear God in reverent worship
21My son (child), fear the Lord (Yahweh) and the king, and do not associate with rebels (detractors, changeable persons: Lit. "changers") [who at one time feared the Lord and was lojal, but no longer do]. 22For their downfall may come suddenly; who knows what punishment the two [the Lord and the king, see verse 21] will bring upon them? [2 Pet. 2:1, 7; Rom. 13:4]
To be partial (literally: to recognize faces) when judging is terrible (frightful). [Deut. 16:19]24Whoever says to the guilty, "You are innocent," will be cursed by the people and despised by the nations. 25But those [righteous judges] who rebuke the wicked will prosper, they will be richly blessed (they will succeed).26Like a kiss on the lips [equally desirable], is a straightforward (honest, simple) answer. 27First put everything in order out there, prepare the ground [plow and sow], then you can build your house (home) [literally build a house or start a family].28Do not testify against your neighbor without cause, for in this way you deceive with your lips. 29Do not say, "I will repay him for what he has done to me, I will give him what he deserves."30I passed by the field of a lazy man, by the vineyard of a man without understanding (a man without a heart). 31It was overgrown with thistles, and the surface of the ground was covered with nettles (weeds), and its stone wall was broken down. 32I looked and thought carefully about what I saw, and I drew the following lesson from what I saw: 33"A little more sleep, a little nap, fold your arms to sleep a little longer, 34and poverty will march upon you, and need will surprise you like an invading soldier."
FOURTH COLLECTION: 130 proverbs compiled by the men of Hezekiah (chapters 25–29)
[The following section, chapters 25-29, consists of proverbs written by Solomon. King Hezekiah (2 Kings 18) and his associates then compiled them in the 700s BC. They can be divided into 130 proverbs, which corresponds to the numerical value of the Hebrew letters in the name Hezekiah (Hebr. Chizqijah; 8 + 7 + 100 + 10 + 5 = 130) as spelled here.]251These proverbs are also by Solomon, which the men of Hezekiah, king of Judah, have copied (transcribed).
The king's honor
2God receives glory by concealing a matter (word – Hebr. davar) [Deut. 29:29], kings receive glory by exploring (investigating) a matter. [God receives glory because humans cannot understand the universe and how He rules it, whereas kings here on earth receive glory when they reveal the truth and rule justly. Hebr. davar can mean word, thing, matter, or object. It is often used in reference to the word of the Lord (Ps. 33:4). In Deut. 17:18–19 it says that it is a king's duty to make his own copy of the Torah and to read and study God's word every day. This verse reinforces the content of the exhortation and shows that God expects the king to find much more than just the obvious when he immerses himself in the Prov. Hebrew is a multifaceted language, and not everything is obvious upon a simple reading.]3As the heavens are [inconceivably] high and the earth [enormously] deep, so are the hearts (thoughts) of kings impossible to fathom.4Remove the dross (impurity) from the silver, let it melt [so that the silversmith has a pure material] and let a tool emerge [from the melt]. 5Remove [in the same way] the wicked from the king's presence, then his throne will be established in righteousness [then there will be high spiritual and moral standards in all areas of the country].6Do not exalt yourself [do not be presumptuous, pushy, boastful] in the king's presence, do not take a seat among the mighty (the places of honor at the front); 7It is better to be asked, "Come up here," than to be demoted in the presence of the nobleman (a more generous/willing and noble man – Hebr. nadiv), as your eyes have seen. [Jesus uses the same lesson in a parable, see Luke 14:10.]
About disputes
8Do not rush into a dispute (discussion, argument, legal trial), for what will you do when it is over and your opponent [may turn out to be right and] humiliate you? 9Instead, discuss (present your opinion, problem, disagreement; literally: 'fight your fight' – Hebr. rivriv) with your neighbor [first try to resolve it through private conversation with him. Cf. Matt. 5:25; 18:15; Luke 12:58], but do not reveal (obvious) what another person has said to you in confidence [do not use such personal information to support your case]. 10For if that person [who spoke to you in confidence] hears about it, your slander cannot be taken back [there will be no end to your bad reputation]. [The Hebrew is concise and shows that the accusation of slander "does not return." Those who speak carelessly gain a reputation that is difficult to shake.]11A word spoken at the right time (situation, circumstance) is [as beautiful and appealing] as golden apples in a silver bowl.12Like an earring of gold or a necklace of pure gold, so is the wise man's correction (guidance, help) to a listening ear.13Like the cold from snow [from a north wind from the mountains] on a [hot] day during harvest time, so is a faithful messenger to the one who sent him, refreshing his master's soul (life, spirit).14Like clouds and wind without rain, so is the man who falsely boasts of a gift [that is never given].15Through patience, a prince (leader) can be persuaded (deceived, seduced – Hebr. patah), and (but) a soft tongue (gentle speech) can break down the most stubborn resistance. [Literally it says: 'Through two patient noses a prince is deceived'. The verb patah is often used negatively to mean being deceived. If this is the meaning, it is a warning that even the most principled leader can fall through cunning and patient persuasion. The verse can also be interpreted positively, that patience can change a leader's evil plans, as when David spares Saul in the cave at Ein Gedi, see 1 Sam. 24:17–23. See also Eccles. 10:4]
Live in peace with your neighbours
16If you find honey, eat only what you need, if you eat too much, you will become satiated and feel sick. 17[The same applies to neighbors.] Do not visit your neighbor's house (family) too often (let your foot be sought after, appreciated, valued), otherwise he may become tired (literally: become satiated) of you and begin to hate you.18A battle hammer, a sword, and a sharp arrow [i.e., a deadly weapon] are those who bear false witness against their friend (spread lies about their neighbor).19To place one's security in (put one's hope in) an unfaithful (false, deceitful) person in times of need (problems, adversity, trials) is like having a toothache or a dislocated foot. [It is as painful as toothache, and as impossible to get support from the unreliable as it is to lean on a dislocated foot.]20Like taking off your clothes on a cold day [which makes you even colder] or like mixing vinegar and lye (soda, sodium carbonate) [the mixture causes a violent reaction; the Greek translation has "like vinegar on a wound"], so it is to sing [happy] songs to a heavy (sad) heart.21If your enemy is hungry, feed him, and if he is thirsty, give him water to drink.22By doing so, you will heap burning coals [of shame] on his head, and the Lord (Yahweh) will reward (uphold) you. [Rom. 12:20]23As a north wind brings forth (awaits, trembles, has birth pangs of—Hebr. chol) rain, so [does] a hidden tongue [that gossips and reveals secrets] bring forth condemnatory (angry) facial expressions [like dark clouds]. [When secrets are revealed, people become angry, see Ps. 101:5. In Israel, it is the west wind that brings rain. The north wind is cold and can rather prevent rain. If the expression comes from Egypt, the north wind brings rain. The north wind seems to be likened to people in a hostile environment who have cold looks. The masses of water in the rain can correspond to a flood of secret slander that arises when people do not communicate with each other.]24It is better to live in a corner of [the flat] roof than to share a house with a quarrelsome (combative, hot-tempered) woman. [It was not uncommon to build a guest room on the flat roof; this is probably what is meant here, see 2 Kings 4:10.]25Like cold water to a thirsty soul (the weary, the weak), so is good news from a distant [home] land.26Like a muddy spring and a poisoned well, so is a righteous man who gives in to the wicked. [If the righteous compromises his integrity out of fear of the wicked, or through bribery, or in an attempt to curry favor with him, then he is no longer a pure spring.]27It is not good to eat too much honey, it is distasteful when someone seeks his own glory. [The verse can also be translated: "seeking one's own glory is no glory worth having," or "it is not good to give too much praise to someone."]28The person who cannot control (master) his mind (heart) is like a city with broken walls. [A person without self-control is like an unprotected city, without defense and open to intruders who can come and go as they please (2 Chron. 32:5; Neh. 2:13). Those who cannot control their desires and emotions are always in danger of being carried away by them and drawn into sin and destruction; they have no defense when temptation assails them, because they have lost self-control (Prov 16:32; Gal. 5:23).]
The fool
261Like snow in summer and rain during harvest, so is honor (respect, high status) to a fool. 2Like a bird flitting [by; flying from place to place], like a swallow flying [and then returning to its nest], so is a groundless (undeserved) curse; it will not enter [take hold of the innocent]. [Literally, it says "like a bird to wander" and a "swallow to fly," which describes how birds were created to flit around and fly. An unfounded curse flutters by like a bird, and eventually returns to its nest. In the same way, the unfounded curse returns to the one who uttered it. Men who curse are cursed men.]3The whip for the horse, the bit for the donkey, and the rod for the backs of fools.[How should the fool be treated? Every situation is unique, and wisdom is required to know whether to ignore or respond to foolishness:]4Do not respond to a [self-righteous, arrogant] fool in his foolish way, for then you will find yourself on his [low] level. [Sometimes it is not worth getting into a discussion with a fool.]5Answer a [self-righteous, arrogant] fool in his foolish way, so that he does not become self-righteous and think himself wise in his own eyes. [Pride is a worse sin than foolishness, and sometimes foolishness must be addressed and exposed.][Verses 6-10 form a chiasm. Verses 6 and 10 are about not entrusting anything important to a fool. Verses 7 and 9 are about proverbs in the mouth of a fool and not taking a fool's words seriously. Central to verse 8 is the climax that it is absurd and dangerous to honor and exalt a fool.]6Sending a message with a fool is like cutting off your feet [the message will not arrive] and drinking violence [it invites disaster].
7As the legs of the lame hang powerless, so is a proverb in the mouth of a fool.
8Like tying a stone to a sling [equally wrong and useless], so is giving honor to a fool.
9Like a thorn in the hand of a drunkard, so is a proverb in the mouth of a [unreasonable] fool. [A fool can read and speak proverbs, but cannot handle them.]
10As an archer wounds (pierces) all [he shoots at], so is he who hires a fool or anyone who passes by. [The Hebrew is concise. Literally, it says: "An archer pierces everything, and hire a fool and hire someone who passes by." It is quite clear that the implied meaning is that it is just as crazy to hire a fool or anyone who happens to pass by as it is to let an archer shoot wildly around him.]11As a dog returns to its vomit, so a fool repeats his folly.12If you see a man who thinks he is wise in his own eyes – there is more hope for the fool than for him.
The sluggard is full of excuses
13The lazy man says, "There is a lion in the road! A lion in the streets!" [An excuse for not moving forward or doing work, see also Prov 22:13.]14As the door swings on its hinges, so the lazy man turns in his bed. [Just as the door is fixed on its hinges and does not move from its place, so the lazy man is fixed in his bed.]15The lazy person hides (buries) [puts down and keeps] his hand in a dish, but cannot bring himself to lift it to his mouth again. [Similar to the proverb in Prov 19:24.]16A lazy man considers himself wiser in his own eyes than seven men who can give logical conclusions (sensible answers, reasoning).
Do not interfere in other people's quarrels
17He who stops to meddle in other people's affairs (raises his voice and vents his personal opinions wherever he goes), he is like one who pulls a wild dog by the ears [he creates disorder].18Like a madman (insane person) who shoots (throws, hurls) burning arrows and brings death, 19so is a man who deceives his neighbor and then says, "It was just a joke."
Slander leads to sorrow
20Without wood, the fire goes out, if no one gossips (slanders, defames), the quarrel dies out (the quarrel, the dispute falls silent). 21Like [more] coal on burning coals, and [more] wood to a burning fire, so is a quarrelsome (combative, hot-tempered) person who causes strife.22The words of a whisperer (gossip, rumor-monger) is like a tidbit that is devoured greedily (hastily), it enters the innermost parts of the body. [Prov 18:8]23Like silver coating (silver glaze) on a clay pot [Matt. 23:27; Luke 11:39], burning lips [that utter warm, loving words] are a heart full of evil [on the inside].24He who hates disguises his speech [to flatter], but inside he carries (stores, ponders) deceitful (false, treacherous) thoughts. 25When (even if) he speaks lovingly (sweetly, ingratiatingly) [literally: when hisvoice shows arbitrary mercy], do not believe him, for sevenfold abominations (ugliness, atrocities) are in his heart. 26His hatred may be concealed by cunning, but his wickedness (madness, miserable condition) will eventually become apparent to all (fully visible in the congregation).27He who digs a pit [for another person] falls into it himself, and he who rolls a stone [to cause harm] has it roll back on himself.28A deceitful (false) tongue hates its victims (those it oppresses), and a seductive (slippery) mouth causes destruction (harm, ruin).
Let others praise you
271Do not boast about your future [do not praise and exalt yourself and your plans], for you do not know [even] what this day holds in store. 2Let someone else praise (commend, boast about) you, not your own mouth. A stranger (someone outside your own circles), not your own lips.
The anger of a fool
3Stones are heavy and sand is heavy, but even heavier (much harder to bear) is the unprovoked anger of a fool. [The comparison is between physical labor—lifting stones and sand—and the stress and mental burden of dealing with a fool's anger.]4An outburst of anger can cause great damage, the upset feelings can pour out like a spring flood, but who can resist jealousy (envy)? [Being exposed to jealousy, or being jealous yourself, is far worse than an open outburst of anger.]
A true friend tells the truth
5Better to be openly rebuked than to have hidden love. [Well-intentioned constructive criticism is part of true love, but when someone is too cautious or too afraid to speak up, love never shows itself and remains hidden.]6The wounds caused by a friend are done with a purpose (they are well-meaning, have a purpose, and can be trusted), but the kisses of an enemy are many and misleading. [If you only hear compliments, which here are likened to kisses, they are not genuine; a friend always tells the truth.]7Those who are satiated [have satiated their souls with sensual experiences] trample (stomp, reject) honey underfoot, but to the hungry, even what is bitter tastes sweet.8Like a bird fleeing its nest [exposed to danger and an unguarded nest], so is a person who wanders away from home.9Oil and perfume make the heart glad, in the same way friendship deepens when a friend gives sincere advice from his heart (they leave a good aftertaste).10Do not abandon your friend and your father's friend. [They have been faithful for a long time, do not leave them if they need your help.] Do not go to your brother's house (family) when you suffer misfortune. Better a close neighbor than a brother who is far away. [The kinship ties between people can sometimes be less reliable than genuine friendship.]
Think before you act
11My child, be wise and make my heart glad, so that I may answer my critics [those who accuse me of being a bad teacher].12The wise see danger and take shelter, but the foolish (unaware, unrestrained, uninhibited) go on and are punished (fined, made to pay).[The judge says to the creditor:] 13Take the clothes (cloak) from the one who has stood surety for a stranger, pawn what he has, for he is the security for an unknown person (a strange woman). [He who is foolish and takes responsibility for the debts of a stranger, whose reliability is unknown, or of an adulterer, whose unreliability is known, becomes liable even if it costs him his cloak as collateral.]14He who [obsequiously] praises his neighbor in a loud voice early in the morning, becomes a curse.15A continuous dripping from a leaky roof on a day of heavy rain and a nagging (quarrelsome, argumentative) woman are alike. 16Anyone who tries to calm her down (restrain her) might as well try to stop the wind, his right hand meets oil [which is slippery and impossible to get a grip on].
Iron sharpens iron
17As iron sharpens iron, so one person sharpens the character (appearance; literally: face) of his friend. [Iron sharpens iron, one person sharpens another.]18He who tends (protects, looks after) his fig tree [year after year] may eat its fruit, he who cares for (is attentive to, faithfully protects) his master will be honored.19Just as the face is reflected in the water, so the heart reflects the person. [The heart reflects who you really are. This verse can be applied in several ways. An ungodly heart reflects the earthly, while a righteous heart reflects the divine. We can also gain self-insight by studying our choices, attitudes, desires, and longings—all of which are reflections of what is in the heart.]20Sheol (the underworld—the place of the dead) and Abaddon (the abyss, the place of destruction) [Job 26:6; Rev 9:11] are never satisfied, just as [the lust of] the eyes of man are never satisfied.21The crucible is used to [test and refine] silver, and the furnace for gold, in the same way a person is tested by [his reaction to] flattering words.22Even if you were to crush a fool among the grains in a mortar, his folly would not leave him.
Be skilled in your work
23Be skilled (wise, learn through experience) in knowing the condition (seeing the face) of your flock of sheep (herd of small livestock), have care (a heart) for your flocks of livestock, 24for wealth (prosperity) [often measured in the amount of livestock] does not last forever. Does a crown [the power of a country] last from generation to generation?25After the harvest has been gathered, new grass will grow and when the fodder is collected from the mountains, 26then the lambs will give you [wool for] clothing, and the goats can be sold and provide money to buy a field. 27And there [on the newly purchased field] the goats will milk enough food for you, your family, and the maintenance of your maidservants.
Do not abandon the teaching
281The wicked flee even when no one pursues them, but the righteous are as bold as lions.2When a country sins [rebels against God], it gets many leaders [who fight for power, because God's blessing and protection are gone], but when the leader is a man of understanding (knowledge, insight), there will be long-lasting stability.3A poor warrior (a strong man) who oppresses the weak (other poor people) is like a rainstorm that destroys the harvest [robbing them of everything they have].4Those who abandon teaching (Hebr. Torah) praise (speak well of, commend, and exalt) the sinner, but those who adhere to teaching [God's law, the Bible's instructions] take up the fight against the wicked.5Evil people do not understand how to judge fairly (what is right and just), but those who seek (devote themselves to, ask for) the Lord (Yahweh) gain full understanding.6Better is a poor man who is honest (has integrity and walks uprightly), than a rich man who deliberately walks in the wrong ways.7A wise child keeps the commandments [the law, follows the instructions of his parents and God], but one who associates with wasteful (impulsive) people is a disgrace to his father.8He who increases his wealth by charging usurious interest (sky-high interest rates, using questionable methods, extortion), gathers his wealth for someone who will take care of (show mercy to) the poor [and give the money back]. [The prefix in the Hebrew word for usury, be-neshech ("through" interest), indicates that the motive for giving the loan is precisely the interest. It is through the interest that one wants to increase one's wealth. The word comes from the verb "to bite" and describes how the lender receives a share of the sum. Taking advantage of someone in a position of dependence in this way is abhorrent, see Ezek. 18:13. The Torah (Moses' teachings) urges lending money without interest to one's fellow countrymen, but it is permissible to charge reasonable interest to a foreigner, see Lev. 25:35–37; Ex. 22:25; Deut. 23:19–20.]9Anyone who turns a deaf ear to the teaching [refuses to listen and live according to God's commandments], even his prayer is detestable [to God].
He who digs a pit ...
10He who leads the righteous into an evil way will fall into his own pit, but the pure in heart will receive a good inheritance.11The rich man is wise in his own eyes [believes he has done everything right], but a poor man with understanding searches him out (sees through him).12When the righteous triumph, it is wonderful (joy, celebration), but when the wicked rise up [and gain power], men hide themselves.
Those who confess and abandon their sins receive mercy
13He who hides (covers up, conceals) his sins has no success (happiness, prosperity, financial blessing), but he who confesses and repents of his sins (forsakes them) receives mercy.14Blessed (happy, fortunate, enviable) is the one who always fears the Lord in reverent worship [regardless of circumstances], but the one who hardens his heart [against God] falls into misfortune (encounters difficulties).15Like a roaring lion or a wild (raging) bear is an ungodly leader over a poor people.16A prince (leader) who lacks understanding (insight, comprehension) is a cruel tyrant, but the [leader] who hates unjust income (detests greed) shall live long.17If a man deliberately sheds human blood [murder someone], he will be a fugitive until his own grave, let no one support (help, provide for) him.18He who walks righteously (has integrity) shall be saved (liberated, redeemed), but he who walks unrighteously (says one thing but does another), his downfall will come suddenly.
About work and wealth
19He who cultivates his land will have a rich harvest, but he who eagerly (passionately) pursues vanity (morally corrupt people, meaningless goals, quick money) will be satiated with poverty.20Those who are faithful receive abundant blessings (success, gifts, peace), but those who want to get rich quickly [at any price] will not go unpunished.21Being partial (having regard) to people [in a legal dispute, because of their status or position] is never right, yet some may sin [be bribed to give false testimony] for a piece of bread.22Those who have an evil eye (full of desire) rush forward to become rich, unaware that poverty will catch up with them.
Put your hope in the Lord
23He who rebukes [lovingly corrects] someone will afterwards receive more undeserved grace [appreciation] than he who merely flatters with his tongue.24He who robs his father and mother and says, "It is no sin!" He is a companion of the destroyer (demolisher, killer).25He who has a greedy heart stirs up strife (starts disputes), but he who puts his hope in the Lord (Yahweh) will be blessed (will prosper and be satisfied).26He who relies only on his own understanding (heart, inner self) is a fool, but he who walks in [God's] wisdom is delivered [from many snares].27Those who give to the poor will not lack anything, but those who turn away [so as not to see their needs] will receive many curses. 28When the wicked rise up [and gain power], people hide (they become cautious and careful in everything they do), but when the wicked perish, the righteous increase in number.
When the righteous rule, the people rejoice
291Those who are repeatedly rebuked but refuse to accept any advice (remain stubborn), will suddenly be crushed (completely destroyed), and there will be no rescue for them (they cannot recover).2When the righteous rule (are in authority, have the majority), the people rejoice, but when the wicked (the sinner, the criminal) rule, the people sigh (mourn).3He who loves wisdom makes his father glad, but he who keeps company with prostitutes wastes his wealth.4A king gives stability to a country through justice, but he who overtaxes (literally: 'a man of offerings') destroys it.5He who flatters his neighbor [literally "smooths out" or "evens out," i.e., does not bring up things that need to be sorted out] spreads a net before his own feet (Hebr. paam). [The consequence of saying that everything is fine and flattering someone, when in fact it is not the truth, is that it causes trouble in relationships.]6The transgression of an evil person brings a snare, but the righteous sing and rejoice. [The righteous have a confidence and security in God that allows them to rejoice.]7The righteous care about (are committed to and think about) the rights of the weak, but a wicked man has no interest in such knowledge.
Be wise and do not listen to lies
8Fools can stir up (create riots in) a city, but wise men calm the anger. 9If a wise man argues with a fool, he will be met with anger and mocking laughter, and there will never be a moment of peace. [It is impossible to agree with a fool and bring an end to a dispute, regardless of the fool's mood.]10The bloodthirsty hate the innocent (those who are pure and want to live righteously), but the righteous protect his life.11A [self-righteous, arrogant] fool vents all his feelings (has no self-control), but the wise man controls himself [calms his feelings].12If a leader (prince) is in the habit of listening to (paying attention to, accepting) lies (falsehoods), then his subjects will also become dishonest (ungodly, breaking laws, committing crimes, lying).13The poor and those who oppress people have this in common: the Lord (Yahweh) gives light to their eyes. [All people have been given life as a gift.]14The king (leader) who treats the weak fairly [judges fairly regardless of status], his throne shall endure forever.15Punishment and correction bring wisdom, but a young man (teenager) left to his own devices [without upbringing and supervision] brings shame on his mother. 16When the wicked (sinners, criminals) increase (in number and authority), sin (transgressions) also increases, but the righteous will see their downfall. [No matter how deep sin has reached, there is hope; the righteous will one day see righteousness prevail!]17Rebuke your son [teach and train him in what is right], and you will have peace and quiet (rest, tranquility). Yes, he will be a joy to you.
Without prophetic revelation, people let go of their inhibitions
18Where there is no vision (prophetic revelation, no revelation about God and His word), there the people let go of their inhibitions (restraint, self-control, moderation), but whoever keeps the teaching [follows God's instructions – Hebr. Torah], he is blessed (happy, enviable). [If there is no higher goal and meaning in a person's life, then there is no reason to fight for what is right, then one just lives for the day and lets go of one's inhibitions.]19A servant is not rebuked with words alone, he may understand, but will not respond.20Do you see a man who is too eager to speak (speaks at all times)? There is more hope for a self-righteous fool than for him.21If a servant is spoiled from his youth, he will become rebellious in time. [He will eventually become ungrateful and forget where he came from, he will become weak and a sorrow to the king.]22An angry man revs up quarrels (word fights), and a hot-tempered man commits many sins.23A person's pride forces him to bow down (humble himself), while those who are humble in spirit will be honored.24He who shares [stolen goods] with a thief hates his own life (the fence is his own enemy). He hears the oath [in court], but says nothing.25The fear of man brings a snare [Prov 29:6], but whoever trusts in (puts his hope in; takes refuge in) the Lord (Yahweh) will be protected [placed in safety on an inaccessible height]. [Constant anxiety and vigilance toward people is likened to a snare, while an exalted and secure place provides peace and freedom to see reality from God's perspective.]26Many seek (demand) to come before a leader [for confirmation, justice, privileges], but the Lord (Yahweh) is the one who [righteously] judges every person. 27An unrighteous man is detestable (repulsive) to the righteous, just as one who has good morals (walks uprightly) is detestable (repulsive) to the wicked.
FIFTH COLLECTION: Agur's words (chapter 30)
301The proverbs of Agur, the son of Jakeh—a burden (a lesson; words of great weight; a prophetic message—Hebr. mass). [Isa 13:1; Mal. 1:1; Zech. 9:1] Thus he declared (proclaimed) to Itiel—to Itiel and Ucal. [Agur was presumably a wise man. This chapter differs from the rest of the Book of Proverbs and does not contain strict proverbs; perhaps it is Solomon who calls himself Agur, and his father David is Jakeh. All Hebrew names also have a meaning, which can give the verse a more metaphorical and freer interpretation.
Agur means: “one who gathers.”
Jakeh means: “without guilt.”
Itiel means: “God is with me.”
Ukal means: “engulfed.”
The word massa can, together with “word,” convey the meaning “divinely inspired words,” or if it refers to Agur as a person, it may refer to a place (Gen. 25:14), and in that case, the region he came from.]2I [Agur] am too foolish to be called a man (I am as indiscriminate as a wild animal) and have no insight or understanding [for all my worldly knowledge is worthless in comparison to God's wisdom].3I have not learned God's wisdom so that I may have knowledge of the Holy One.4Who has ascended to heaven and come down again? Who has captured the wind in his hands? Who has wrapped the waters in his cloak? Who has established the boundaries of the earth? What is his name, and what is his son's name, do you know? [It is implied that God is the answer to these questions. Similar rhetorical questions are found in Job 38–41 and Isa. 40:12–14. God's son is not mentioned by name, but here we see an early prophecy about the coming Messiah, see Luke 1:31–33.]5Every promise from God (Eloha) [Elohim in singular – the one God] is tested and purified; He is a shield for those who take refuge (put their hope) in him.6Do not add anything to his prov, for he will rebuke (judge) you, and you will be found a liar.7Two things I ask (desire, pray) of [you, God], do not deny me before I die.8Let vanity (emptiness, empty talk, lies) be far from me. Give me neither poverty nor riches; Let me have the food I need. 9If I have abundance, I might deny you and say, "Who is the Lord (Yahweh)?" Or if I were poor, I might steal and thus dishonor the name of God (Elohim).10Do not slander a servant before his master, for he will curse you [because of your false accusation against him], and you will be guilty [you will have to pay the price for your slander]. 11There is a type of people (a generation, a race) who curse their fathers and do not bless their mothers. 12There is a generation (a family) that is pure in its own eyes, but is not cleansed of its filth. 13There is a generation (a race) – how proud are their eyes, and their gaze is full of arrogance. 14There is a generation (a family) whose teeth are like swords, yes, their front teeth are like knives. They devour the weak from the land (the ground) and the poor from the human race.
Four who are never satisfied
15The leech has two daughters who cry out: "Give me, give me." There are three who are never satisfied, yes, four, who never say, "Enough is enough":
16Sheol (the grave, the underworld—the place of the dead).
The barren womb.
The earth that cannot be satisfied with water,
Fire, which never says, "Enough."
17The eye that mocks its father and despises obeying its mother shall be pecked out by the ravens of the valley, and the young eagles shall devour it.
Four things are too wonderful for me
18There are three things that are too wonderful for me, yes, four, that I cannot understand:
The pathof a man (cavalier, hero; a man in his prime – Hebr. gever) to (with) a young woman (Hebr. almah).
[A common denominator for all four is that they leave no visible external traces; one cannot see where an eagle has flown, a snake has slithered on the cliff, or a ship (a fleet) has passed. Nor is the love between a man and a woman visible.]
20It is the same with the woman who commits adultery; she eats, wipes her mouth and says, "I have done nothing wrong." [The author marvels at how two people can be united in something as intimate as a sexual relationship and believe that it leaves no trace whatsoever.]
Four things that make the earth tremble
21Three things make the earth tremble (shake, quiver), yes, four, which it cannot bear:
22A servant who rules. [He is not suited for the task.]
A fool (Hebr. nava) who is filled with food. [He lacks self-control, eating and drinking until he is destitute. E.g. Naval in 1 Sam. 25:36–37]
23A married woman who is spurned (unloved; literally: hated). [She becomes bitter and vengeful when she is not loved. E.g., Leah, see Gen. 29:30–35.]
A servant woman who displaces her mistress. [She causes discord and bitterness. E.g. Hagar and Sarah, see Gen. 16:4–5]
[All four of these things contribute to disorder, division, and strife. They all hinder a responsible life in which families and communities can function well. There is a parallel structure where the first two deal with men and the last two with women. In a chiastic pattern, the first and last focus on someone who is given a position that they cannot handle. The two in the middle deal with abundance and scarcity, both of which can cause problems.]
Four small but wise animals
24There are four small creatures on earth, but they are very wise:
25Ants are not a strong people, yet they gather food during the summer.
26Rock hyraxes [see Lev. 11:5] are a weak people, yet they build their houses in the mountains.
27The grasshoppers have no king [over them], yet they go out in ranks like a well-trained army.
28You can catch a spider with your hands, yet it is found in royal palaces.
Four with a stately gait
29Three things move majestically, yes, four have a majestic gait:
30The lion, which is the most powerful among animals, which does not shy away from anything.
The king [when his army is with him] and there is no rebellion.
32If you have acted foolishly (acted without thinking) and exalted yourself, or if you have deliberately planned sin, put your hand over your mouth [stop immediately]. 33Just as milk (cream) turns into butter (cheese) when churned, and a blow to the nose causes a nosebleed, so anger (rage) produces quarrels (disputes, arguments, conflicts).
SIXTH COLLECTION
A mother's admonitions to a future king
311Prov of King Lemuel—a burden (Hebr. masa) that his mother taught (raised, instructed) him. [Lemuel means "belongs to the Lord" and is probably a symbolic name for Solomon. This means that it is his mother Bathsheba who gives him these words. She was also the queen mother of the kingdom (Hebr. gevirah), an official title for the king's mother. She was the "first lady of the kingdom" and the most influential woman in the royal court and the king's chief advisor. Now follow three verses:]2What [should I say], my son, yes, what [should I say], my son whom I have borne [my son whom I myself have given birth to], yes, what (why), my son of promise [whom I have received as an answer to my prayers]? [The threefold repetition of the Hebr. mah (what/why) is probably an abbreviation of "what shall I say" or "what shall you do as king" or an almost resigned "why." The repetition indicates seriousness. The following verses indicate two areas of concern she had regarding her son: his relationships with women and alcohol.]
1) Do not live a dissolute life
3Do not give your strength to women, and a way (do not live a lifestyle) that destroys (erases) kings. [Hebr. machah is used to describe how text from ancient scrolls (made of leather) was erased. The material was expensive, so it was reused and the ink was washed off. Here it describes a way of life (Hebr. derech) that gradually removes the text (makes it blurred and illegible) until it is completely gone. See also Eccles. 7:26.]
2) Beware of alcohol
4It is not fitting for kings, Lemuel, it is not fitting for kings to drink wine, or for princes (princes, rulers – Hebr. razan) to crave strong drink (intoxicating drink, alcohol) [Eccles. 10:16–17] 5So that he drinks and [in his drunkenness] forgets (rejects) what has been carved and engraved [what is prescribed in the law] and distorts justice for all the children (sons) of distress.6Give [instead] strong drinks [as medicine] to those who are perishing (about to die), and wine to those who are embittered [in pain]. [According to the Talmud, a person who is led out to be killed should be given wine mixed with myrrh to ease the pain.] 7Let him drink and forget his poverty [his miserable condition] and his toil (his misery).
3) Use your power to help the helpless
8Open your mouth for the mute [for those who cannot speak for themselves], for all defenseless children (the sons of the Holocaust) [the survivors and helpless who would otherwise waste away]. 9Open your mouth, judge (Hebr. shafat) righteously [rule with justice], defend (plead, appeal; stay the course – Hebr. din) the cause of the oppressed and the poor.
Alef-Bet for a good marriage
[This concluding passage describes a good wife who acts boldly, wisely, and sensibly. The focus is on the woman, but there are also lessons here on how to build good family relationships and how husbands and children interact with her, see verses 28, 29, and 31. This passage is also a summary of the entire Book of Proverbs and a tribute to personified wisdom. The passage is written as poetry in alphabetical form. In such an acrostic poem, each line is based on the twenty-two Hebrew consonants in order. The Hebrew letters are more than just letters; they are symbols and also have a numerical value. Often, the symbol reinforces the verse and makes the meaning even clearer. The Core Bible includes the symbol and also writes what it symbolizes in square brackets. The word that begins with the letter in question is also written in bold to indicate that it is an especially important word in that verse.]
א – alef
10Who can find a virtuous wife [who is energetic, talented, intelligent, and has a good character]? She is far more precious than jewels (rubies, pearls). [The first Hebrew letter is: א – alef. The character represents an ox, symbolizing strength, the leader, the first and the most important. In this verse, it is the phrase "a virtuous wife" that begins with this letter, reinforcing that the most important quality in a woman is her character. Acquiring a virtuous wife is much more valuable than material wealth. The same is true of wisdom; it is the most important thing to find.]
ב – bet
11Her husband trusts her completely in everything and does not need to lack anything. [Literally, "has no need for plunder." In the context of marriage, this may refer to his not needing to seek love and affection from other women.]
[The second Hebrew letter is: ב – bet. The character depicts a tent or a house. The letter symbolizes the place where one lives, or those who are in the house – one's family. In this verse, it is the word "trust" that begins with this letter. The sign reinforces the importance of community and absolute trust between husband and wife.]
ג – gimel
12She does what is good for him, not what is evil, all the days of her life. [The third Hebrew letter is: ג – gimel. The character depicts a camel. The letter symbolizes wealth and greatness. The verb "She does what is good" begins with this letter, reinforcing that she is a positive force that brings prosperity and success, not pain and destruction.]
ד – dalet
13She seeks (asks for – engages in order to obtain) wool [for warm clothes in winter] and flax [which is cool in summer], and looks forward to working and making clothes from it. [The fourth Hebrew letter is: ד – dalet. The character depicts a door. The letter represents being able to make decisions and choose the right path. The phrase "She seeks" begins with this letter and reinforces how she chooses the right decisions.]
ה – he
14She is like a merchant ship filled with exotic goods, she brings them home [to her family] from the other side of the earth. [The fifth Hebrew letter is: ה – he. The character depicts a person with outstretched hands. The meaning of the letter is to see, look, breathe, and gain revealed insight into something big and important that has been pointed out. It often symbolizes seeing and having perspective. In this verse, it is "She is" that begins with this letter, highlighting how she even succeeds in international business. She is enterprising and has vision and drive.]
ו – vav
15And she rises early in the morning, and prepares food [including spiritual food] for the family and gives the employees (servants) their portions (delegates the tasks). [The sixth Hebrew letter is: ו – vav. The character depicts a tent peg, a hook, or a hanger. In practical terms, it was the tent peg that held up the tent fabric. It binds different things together. Similarly, the letter is used in grammar to bind words together into sentences. The words "and," "but," "therefore," etc. begin with vav. In this verse, it is the word "and" that begins with this letter. This reinforces the connection with the previous verse. That she thinks both of others and of her family's needs.]
ז – zajin
16She plans for a field, from her own income she plants a vineyard. [The seventh Hebrew letter is: ז – zajin. The character depicts a sword and symbolizes movement and zeal. The letter is used in the verb "She plans for" and emphasizes that she is skilled and alert, investing her family's resources so that they grow.]
ח – chet
17She is filled with strength [spiritual, mental, and physical], and eagerly rolls up her sleeves to get started. [The eighth Hebrew letter is: ח – chet. The character depicts a fence. The letter symbolizes something that binds and encloses, physically like a fence or a wall, or socially like friendship and love. In this verse, it is the word "rolls up her sleeves eagerly" that begins with that letter. The use of this particular letter here highlights how she devotes all her energy to her family. She loves her family and does everything she can to keep it together.]
ט – tet
18She makes sure that the result of her work is good, [Literally "she tastes the work"; she has a sensitivity and knows what is good and bad for the family.] her lamp (spirit, zest for life) does not go out at night. [Night can symbolize times of trouble, sorrow, and anxiety. Despite difficulties, she does not give up.]
[The ninth Hebrew letter is: ט – tet. The character depicts a head and a tail and represents either a snake in a basket or a person bowing in humility. Paradoxically, the letter can symbolize both evil and good – either rebelliousness or goodness. In this verse, the verb "She makes sure" begins with this letter. Here, it reinforces that she knows what is good and what is bad. She is spiritually alert and knows what brings the family together and what divides it.]
י – yod
19Her hands reach out toward the spinning staff, yes, her hands (Hebr. kaf) grasp (have a firm grip) the spindle. [The tenth and smallest Hebr. letter is: י – yod. The sign depicts an arm or a closed hand. The hand symbolizes strength and power. The Hebrew word for "her hands" begins with this letter, which reinforces that she is not afraid of work. The spindle and distaff are used to manually produce thread and yarn.]
כ – kaf
20Her hand she opens (she has stretched out/reached out) to the poor one (the oppressed – Hebr. ani), yes, she stretches out her hands (arms – Hebr. jad) toward the needy one (Hebr. evion) [toward those in need]. [The eleventh Hebr. letter is: כ – kaf. The sign depicts a palm and symbolizes generosity. In this verse, the Hebrew word for "her hand" begins with Kaf, which reinforces that she gives generously. She fulfills both material and spiritual needs. The two most common Hebrew words for hand, kaf and jad, appear once each in verses 19 and 20. Three of these four times, the Hebrew dual form is used, describing two hands. Note that it says "the poor" and "the needy" in the singular. The help is personal—no one can help everyone, but we all have someone in need to whom we can extend our hands.]
ל – lamed
21She is not afraid of the snow (winter and cold), because her whole family is dressed in red [precious clothes that were also warm]. [The twelfth Hebrew letter is: ל – lamed. The character depicts a shepherd's crook or ox whip. It often describes authority, or something that motivates and causes something to happen. The word "not" in the compound word "She is not afraid" begins with this letter and reinforces that she is not afraid of the future; she is prepared to face winter. The Greek translation translates red as "double layers." Red fabrics were expensive (2 Sam. 1:24; Isa. 1:18; Jer. 4:30). She has prepared clothes that are both expensive and warm. In a poetic text, the color red can also symbolize warmth, glow, and fire, in contrast to white snow.]
מ – mem
22She makes the bed with soft sheets, and her nightgown is purple, made of the finest silk fabric. [The thirteenth Hebrew letter is: מ – mem. The letter stands for water, people, nations, and languages. In connection with marriage, it also represents sexuality. The word "soft sheets" begins with this letter, reinforcing that God created sexuality and that it is something beautiful that belongs to marriage.]
נ – nun
23Her husband is highly respected in his work, he sits among the elders at the gates [where justice was administered and ethics and morals were discussed]. [The fourteenth Hebrew letter is: נ – nun. The character depicts a grain of wheat that has begun to sprout and often describes offspring and continuity. Sometimes it is also associated with a fish or a snake. It is often used to describe continuation and continuity. In this verse, the word "highly respected" begins with this letter, reinforcing that her husband leads the country forward in wisdom and provides a good future for generations to come.]
ס – samech
24She makes fine linen shirts (suits, dresses) and sells them, she supplies the merchants with belts. [Presumably fine embroidered matching belts in silk that were used with the linen shirts.][The fifteenth Hebrew letter is: ס – samech. The character depicts a pillar and symbolizes support and stability. In this verse, it is the word "linen shirts" that begins with this letter, reinforcing that the family is provided for and has financial stability.]
ע – ajin
25Strength and dignity are her clothing (her position is secure and strong), and she rejoices in the future. [Because she knows that she and her family are ready to face it.][The sixteenth Hebrew letter is: ע – ayin. The character depicts an eye or a water source. It often symbolizes prophetic insight and revelation. Here, it is the word "Strength" that begins with this letter, reinforcing that her strength comes from within, she knows who she is and is secure in her identity.]
פ – pe
26When she opens her mouth, she speaks wisdom (spiritual wisdom spoken with skill), on her tongue is the teaching of grace (caring love). [She gives friendly admonitions, her advice is given in a spirit of love, kindness, and faithfulness.][The seventeenth Hebrew letter is: פ – pe. The character depicts a mouth. It often symbolizes speech and relationships. Here, it is the word "her mouth" that begins with this letter. This verse reinforces how important communication is in a marriage, and that it should be done in love.]
צ – tsade
27She is attentive (watches) to everything that happens in the home (literally "watches over the ways to and from the house," she is spiritually alert to what is allowed to enter the home) and she does not take the bread of laziness (gossip, discontent, self-pity) into her mouth. [The eighteenth Hebrew letter is: צ – tsade. The character depicts a fish hook. It often symbolizes righteousness, and here it is precisely the verb "She is attentive" that begins with this letter. An unusual word for roads is used here. In Job 6:19 it describes traveling merchants and in Ps. 68:25 "the king's victory march." It is important to be attentive to what you allow to enter and happen in your home, so that you do not invite injustice. What you sow, you reap. Bread is the finished product of the wheat that has been sown. The expression "bread of sloth" is thus the result of indifference and inattention to what enters the home.]
ק – qof
28Her children grow up, and bless her. Her husband also boasts about (speaks well of, praises) her: [The nineteenth Hebrew letter is: ק – qof. The character depicts the eye of a needle or the back of a head and is also an image of standing behind someone and helping. In this verse, it is the words "grow up" that begin with that letter. Gratitude and appreciation for what the woman does does not always come directly, from the front, but often later, behind the woman's back. It is only when the children have grown up that they thank her for a good upbringing.]
ר – resh
29"Many women are honorable (noble, talented), but you surpass every one of them." [The twentieth Hebrew letter is: ר – resh: The character depicts a head from the side and symbolizes the ability to see. The word "Many" begins with this letter and reinforces that many will see how noble she is. The verse also indicates that appreciation and praise come directly to her from her husband. This is in contrast to the children, see the previous verse, who only show their appreciation once they have grown up.]
ש – shin
30Lies (falsehood, deceit) are undeserved grace (chen) [charm can be deceiving] and fleeting (short-lived) is beauty, but a wife (woman) who fears (reveres, respects) the Lord (Yahweh) – she shall be praised (appreciated, honored).
[The twenty-first Hebrew letter is ש – shin. The character depicts two teeth, and often symbolizes crushing and destroying something. In this verse, it is the word "lie" (Hebr. sheqer) that begins with this letter and reinforces that outer beauty and charm are something that perishes.]
ת – tav
31Give her recognition for what she does (let her share in the profits; the fruit of her hands), and let her deeds [way of life] praise her in the gates [where the people gather]. [The twenty-second Hebrew letter is: ת – tav. The character represents a dot, a signature, or a cross. As the last letter, this is a signature and often symbolizes that which concludes and completes. The verb "Give her" begins with this letter, reinforcing how important it is for the man to give his wife recognition. As the last point, this is a signature of Bathsheba concluding her advice to Solomon.]
